هيكل لبى

spiral structure Matter ghost matter astrophysics.6: Spiral structure.(p6)

Fig. 10-b) :** Its associated negative mass distribution.**

. Fig. 10-c :** Superposition of the two.** ss distribution.

F.Lhandseat showed that this distribution of conjugated positive and negative masses was stable over a large number of Jeans' time.

6. Introducing rotation.

It was temptating to try to give some rotation movement to the central positive mass cluster. But then no analytical 2d results were available. F.Lhanseat decided to introduce empirically the a priori following initial rotation curve (which tends to solid body rotation at the center, and to zero at the periphery). :

Fig. 11 :** Initial rotation curve profile**

Centrifugal force tends to destroy the stability of the system. If we want to balance the centrifugal force we can reduce the pressure force (thermal velocity in the rotating positive mass sub-system) or increase the confinement effect by raising m . But, as shown by F.Lhandseat, the increase of this parameter produces an artefact due to the relatively low number of points. If one tries to balance centrigugal force with m > 5 the halo-like structure and the cluster cross each other. Then the halo transforms into a cluster and vice-versa.

The explanation is the following. The two sets : cluster and halo, cannot be assimilated to continuous masses of gas. They are just limited sets of points. Due to its repulsive action, the (self-attractive) halo tends to compress the cluster (the positive mass cluster and the negative mass halo repel each other). We can compare it to a strainer acting on mashed potatoes. A strainer owns holes.

Fig. 12-a : The strain, with small holes, balances the pressure due to the weight of the mashed potatoes.

The efficiency of the compression process depends on the diameter of these holes. If it is small, our spherical strainer confines efficiently the central mass of "mashed potatoes". If the holes are too large, the mashed potatoes will pass through the strainer, as suggested on figures 12-a and 12-b.

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**Fig. **12-b: When the holes are too large the strain cannot keep the mashed potatoes : it goes through.

If one reduce the number of points involved in the simulation, the maximum value of m becomes smaller, for the "holes" in this negative matter distribution become larger. Here we reach a fundamental limit of this numerical simulation, due to this artefact. With only 2 x 10,000 points, if exceeds 5, the culster goes through the halo, and dissipates. With a larger number of points, stronger confinement effect could be achieved but the basic limit of our machine did not afford it.

Anyway, F.Lhandseat adjusted the conditions empirically and found that the things looked good when the characteristic rotation velocity (the maximum value) was about ten times smaller than the mean thermal in the cluster (positive mass sub-system), which meant that the rotational energy was smaller than the pressure energy. Physically talking, the gravitational force was mainly balanced by the pressure force, not by the centrifugal force. In such conditions the epicyclic frequency's value was = 1.