Η ισχυρότερη ηλιακή έκρηξη που έχει καταγραφεί μέχρι σήμερα

Η ισχυρότερη ηλιακή έκρηξη που έχει καταγραφεί έως σήμερα

Οι θυμοί του Ήλιου

16 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005

Πρόλογος: Τα όπλα μαζικής διάδοσης

Είμαι πολύ κουρασμένος. Πολύ συχνά τα μάτια μου καίνε από την καθημερινή πολύωρη παρουσία μπροστά από αυτή την οθόνη. Από τον θάνατο του γιου μου, πριν από 15 χρόνια, δεν κατάφερα ποτέ να ξεκοπώ από διάφορα φάρμακα για να κοιμηθώ, παρά τις πολυάριθμες προσπάθειες αποτοξίνωσης. Μερικές φορές αυτό δεν λειτουργεί όταν πιέζω πολύ το «χέλι» και ξεπερνώ το όριο της υπερκόπωσης. Όταν οι αναγνώστες μου βλέπουν τον ρυθμό με τον οποίο εμφανίζονται νέα αρχεία, πρέπει να φαντάζονται ότι αυτό δεν γίνεται με μαγικό ραβδί.

Πρέπει επίσης να κάνω μια ταξινόμηση, συχνά πρόχειρη, σε όσα μου στέλνουν οι αναγνώστες. Δεν μπορώ να ... επεξεργαστώ τα πάντα. Θα αφιέρωνα σε αυτό τις ημέρες και τις νύχτες μου. Κάθε ημέρα λαμβάνω αρχεία και έγγραφα. Η ενσωμάτωσή τους, προσθέτοντας ένα ελάχιστο σχόλιο, και η τοποθέτηση όλων των κατάλληλων συνδέσμων απαιτούν ώρες και ώρες. Αυτό που με ωθεί να συνεχίζω είναι η σταθερή αύξηση του αριθμού των καθημερινών επισκέψεων, εδώ και χρόνια, και όλα τα μηνύματα στήριξης που λαμβάνω καθημερινά. Συνεχίζω να πιστεύω ότι δεν έχει χαθεί τίποτα σε αυτό τον κατάρατο πλανήτη, ότι ο κόσμος δεν βρίσκεται στην πραγματικότητα στα χέρια μόνο ενός μικρού αριθμού ηλιθίων, στους οποίους, δυστυχώς, οι άνθρωποι καλής θέλησης, οι τίμιοι άνθρωποι, εμπιστεύονται. Το πιο σοβαρό είναι ότι στο σύνολό της, η μεγάλη μας presse (την οποία μεταφράζω ως «Τύπος») παραπληροφωρεί περισσότερο από ό,τι ενημερώνει, από συμβιβασμό ή από ... ανικανότητα. Αρχίσαμε να το υποψιαζόμαστε μόνο πριν από μερικά χρόνια. Τώρα ... για πολλούς από εμάς είναι βεβαιότητα.

Όλα αυτά σημαίνουν ότι δεν έχω έχει ακόμα χρόνο να συντάξω την ετήσια έκθεση του GESTO, την οποία τα μέλη μου περιμένουν υπομονετικά εδώ και μήνες. Δεν είναι little και κάθε χρόνο ξεπερνά τις 40 σελίδες με μικρά γράμματα, σχεδόν ένα βιβλίο. Πρέπει να ασχοληθώ με αυτό. Σήμερα, ελπίζω...

Είμαι ιδιαίτερα προσεκτικός στην τελευταία εμπειρία που ξεκίνησα, consisting in να προτείνω στους αναγνώστες να τους επιστρέψω δύο CD με αρχεία γραμμένα πάνω, από τα οποία το ένα είναι αντίγραφο του εγγράφου που παρήγαγε ο Jimmy Walter και το άλλο φέρει μια πολύ suggestive αναφορά στις αντιδράσεις του γαλλικού Τύπου απέναντι σε αυτό το καυτό θέμα της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 2001. Κατά τη γνώμη μου, αυτό το δεύτερο έγγραφο ντροπιάζει τον γαλλικό Τύπο, σοβαρά. Η δομή αυτού του εγγράφου είναι κυριολεκτικά hallucinating, όταν αναλύεται plan by plan, phrase by phrase. Το ενδιαφέρον είναι ότι ο αναγνώστης διαθέτει δύο «καμπάνες» (two sides of the story), diametrically opposed, για να σχηματίσει την δική του opinion.

Επίσης σημαντικό είναι ότι οι άνθρωποι που αποκτούν αυτά τα CD μέσω αυτής της οδού κάνουν μια κίνηση. Πρέπει να πάρουν δύο φάκελους, να γράψουν το όνομα και τη διεύθυνσή τους, να τα frankarize (stamp them), να επισυνάψουν δύο κενά CD, να πάνε να βάλουν όλα αυτά σε ένα mailbox. Είναι περισσότερο από ένα απλό κλικ του mouse. Υπάρχουν πιθανότητες τότε να παρακολουθήσουν πλήρως τα έγγραφα, κάτι που δεν θα ήταν σίγουρο αν τα λάμβαναν δωρεάν, απλώς κατόπιν αιτήματος.

Είναι επίσης ένας τρόπος διάδοσης πληροφοριών με ένα σύστημα αλυσίδας, καθώς πολλοί αναγνώστες προσφέρθηκαν να burn copies themselves και βλέπω ότι όλοι «turbinent» (spin/work) κάθε μέρα in their corner, όπως εγώ. Όσο περισσότεροι θα είναι, τόσο καλύτερα θα είναι. Άνθρωποι με ρωτούν «τι θα μπορούσα να κάνω;». Η απάντηση είναι «για παράδειγμα: αυτό».

Για την ώρα έχω ακόμα αρκετά financial worries ώστε να αναγκάζομαι να πουλώ CD. Η κόρη μου και η μητέρα της absorb, χωρίς το παραμικρό complex, 42% της σύνταξης μου, που αντιστοιχεί σε 92.000 francs annually, 13.800 euros. Comfortable για pensions. Αλλά δεν τους νοιάζει.

Στο μέλλον, αν μπορώ να «boucler mes fins de mois» (make ends meet) differently, θα βάλω όλα τα CD μου, όλα τα έργα μου σε δωρεάν open access, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της copy του site μου (700 megas). Αυτό δεν μπορεί να είναι παρά ένα project, in the state, αλλά δείχνει τη δύναμη αυτού του τρόπου διάδοσης της πληροφορίας. Η θέσπιση αρχείων σε δωρεάν download είναι ένα πράγμα. Είναι ήδη το case για όλα τα comic books μου in foreign languages. Αλλά το download requires time.

Η πρόταση στους ανθρώπους να τους επιστρέψω μια masse of files γραμμένα σε ένα support που στέλνουν οι ίδιοι, με ένα frankarized envelope για την απάντηση, represents a weapon of mass diffusion. Χρειάζονται 15 minutes για να γραφτούν 700 megas. Αυτό που πολλαπλασιάζει την action είναι το γεγονός ότι άνθρωποι προσφέρονται ως voluntary burners. Είναι το case για την operation που αναφέρεται σε αυτή τη σελίδα αφιερωμένη στο reopen911. Δεν ξέρω ποια θα είναι η importance της action, αλλά αυτό που είναι σημαντικό είναι το concept που επιτρέπει να serve at home hundreds of megas of information, που οι άνθρωποι μπορούν then consult at leisure. Πληροφορίες που τους instruct ή inform (at least, I hope). Μερικές φορές, επίσης, τους distract. Όσοι ακολουθούν την actuality στο site μου έχουν παρατηρήσει στην homepage μου την παρουσία ενός μικρού κόκκινου heart, στο κάτω δεξί. Εκεί πρέπει να click όταν δεν νιώθεις ότι έχεις το heart sufficiently well attached για να handle the floods of dramatic news που μας φτάνουν daily from the four corners of the world.

Ο Ήλιος σε furia

Αυτός είναι ο τίτλος ενός mail που μου έστειλε ένας από τους «pourvoyeurs» (suppliers) μου πληροφοριών, ο Mike Arnold. Η πηγή του:

http://www.spaceweather.com

Θυμάμαι συζητήσεις που είχαμε, εγώ και ο Souriau, σχετικά με το planetary warming. Φυσικά, οι εκπομπές greenhouse gases δεν arrange τα πράγματα. Αλλά δεν είναι σίγουρο ότι ο κύριος υπεύθυνος για αυτό το phenomenon αντιστοιχεί σε αυτές τις εκπομπές. Ο Ήλιος παίζει ένα major role στην evolution του terrestrial climate, με δύο τρόπους.

Υπάρχει πρώτα η ποσότητα ενέργειας που emits. Δεν είναι constant. Μικρές variations είναι susceptible να produce a warming ή μια glaciation στο our cold star. Στην πραγματικότητα, γνωρίζουμε πολύ poorly τη λειτουργία του star γύρω από το οποίο gravitate for four and a half billion years. Μόνο μπορούσαμε, over the centuries, να record the fluctuations of the emission of radiation.
Αλλά το δεύτερο effect που μπορεί να έχει ο Ήλιος στο climate μας είναι d'essence différente. Πρόκειται για τις solar eruptions. Εδώ επίσης γνωρίζουμε poorly their mechanism. Όπως κανείς δεν είναι presently capable to give a coherent description of the internal geometry of the solar magnetic field, πέρα από την external geometry. Γνωρίζουν οι αναγνώστες ότι είναι ... quadrupolar?

Η Γη είναι ένα magnetic dipole. Το magnetic North (που στην πραγματικότητα είναι ένα «south», αλλά little matters) coincides grosso modo με το geographical north. Το άλλο pole είναι κοντά σε ένα geographical south pole. Δεν γνωρίζουμε absolutely what is the origin of this terrestrial magnetism. Κάποιοι μιλούν για «dynamo effect» αλλά αυτό παραμένει a word (όπως πολλά πράγματα στη contemporary science). Δεν έχουμε κανένα model, καμία numerical simulation που επιτρέπει να explain the ex-nihilo appearance of such a field. Δεν γνωρίζουμε tampoco γιατί αυτό το field drifts continuously.

Γνωρίζουμε από την άλλη, κάνοντας measurements of paleomagnetism on successive lava flows, ότι αυτό το field has completely inverted, several times. Και πάλι δεν γνωρίζουμε γιατί αυτό το field inverted, ni at what speed this phenomenon occurred. Or this is a capital information because this field of a fraction of a gauss is a shield that protects us from the solar wind, an intense bombardment of particles. These are protons and electrons emitted by the Sun, at very high speed. This dossier explains, if not the reason for the appearance of «solar spots», at least why these solar eruptions create high-energy particles, corresponding to a plasma carried to millions of degrees, much more energetic than the surface itself of the Sun, whose exact temperature I have forgotten. I would not want to say nonsense. 6000°, I believe. The «solar corona» dossier gives a drawing of the «terrestrial magnetosphere».

Η terrestrial magnetosphere

Σε αυτό το «old» drawing of 2001, I had represented the «Van Allen belts» - in grey - constituted by sets of charged particles trapped by the magnetosphere and making the round trip between the two magnetic poles, which send them back like two ping-pong paddles. These particles emanate from the solar wind. As explained in the mentioned dossier, the solar spots are only the «feet» of immense magnetic arches that behave like giant particle accelerators. These systems then emit charged particles that constitute the «solar wind». The Earth is then placed in this flux like an object immersed in the jet «of a supersonic wind tunnel». The speed of particles, whose density is of a few nuclei and electrons per cubic centimeter, if I remember well, exceeds the speed of sound in the plasma constituting the terrestrial magnetosphere (the Van Allen belts). The speed of sound, that is the speed of propagation of pressure waves in this plasma. This propagation is more complex than in a neutral gas, but always there forms in front of the Earth a true shock wave, where the density of charged particles is increased. This flux then wraps around the force lines of the terrestrial magnetic field, as indicated in the figure below.

Interaction terrestrial magnetosphere, solar wind

Υπάρχουν δύο cas de figures.

Ή (στο πάνω μέρος) το particle έχει moderate energy και δεν θα reach the high layers of the terrestrial atmosphere. Θα subire un effet de rebond και θα find itself trapped in this «magnetic bottle» making round trips between the two boreal regions.
Ή (στο κάτω μέρος) θα είναι sufficiently fast, will cross this barrier and go to excite the high layers of the terrestrial atmosphere. We will obtain what is called an aurora borealis, which are visible only from locations corresponding to a generally high latitude. Below the photo of a recent aurora, taken in Finland.

Photographie d'une aurorore boréale. 10 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005, Saarjijarvi, Finland. Photo: Jakko Rosenström

Η spiral shape of these auroras translates the wrapping of charged particles along the force lines of the terrestrial magnetic field. When the observer is just below the impact point of the particles, he sees this:

11 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005. Ile d'Orléans, Quebec. Photo Philippe Moussette

Η magnetic geometry of the Sun was discovered as soon as we could send a circumsolar probe, equipped with a magnetometer. And then, surprise: the Sun has a quadrupolar field, with two north poles and two south poles, located near its equator.

Structure magnétique de l'environ du Soleil

Οι force lines of the magnetic field are twisted like the jets of water coming from a garden hose, due to their interaction with their environment of ionized gas.

Οι αναγνώστες wanted to know more about this strange magnetic geometry of the Sun. The truth is that this remains for us a complete mystery. We know nothing about how these force lines close inside this ball of plasma that is the Sun, nor «what is the sufficient reason» for this phenomenon, as dear Professor Pangloss would say. That is why we speak little about it. Scientists do not like to see evoked what signals their ignorance. All we know is that these force lines spread in a plane and tend to channel the solar wind, totally ionized and linked to the force lines of the magnetic field «like the comb is linked to the hair». The «hair» (the lines of the magnetic field) serve as guide, as rails for the «comb» (the bursts of plasma emitted), but the «comb» (the masses of ionized gas) in turn rearranges the deployment of the «hair». This is the characteristic of «high magnetic Reynolds number» media. The result is that solar eruptions disturb the regular arrangement of this «hair of the Sun», of this spiral magnetic structure that, between two eruptions, tends to regain a more regular form.

Θα μπορούσαμε να have guessed that this field was not dipolar by looking at the images obtained of the solar corona, either during eclipses, or using a coronograph (disk masking the Sun). The solar wind, the plasma emitted by the Sun follows the magnetic field lines (because this MHD is at «high magnetic Reynolds number» as opposed to the «Aurora» bitemperature plasma which is at «low magnetic Reynolds number». These are two MHDs that have practically nothing in common. But it is the first that you will see abundantly described on Internet. The second is confidential defense);

Είμαι surprised to discover, going to see a solar eclipse from the north of France, a few years ago, that one could see the solar corona with the naked eye, which I did not know. It is exactly the image at the top right. A magnificent spectacle. I remember that that day, after having «the total: the shadow of the Moon arriving below, in a valley, at 2000 km/h, the frightened birds flying suddenly close to the ground, etc., I said to myself:

- Frankly, God, for special effects, he fears no one.

Δεν θυμάμαι anymore at what epoch of antiquity (&&& but maybe a reader will find this for us) two Greek armies were preparing to fight. Suddenly Apollo, veiling his face, caused the rout of the two parties, in opposite directions.

17 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005

Reported by Laurent Michon

Source: http://www.linternaute.com/histoire/jour/28/5/a/1/0/1/index.shtml

28 May, 585 BC

Last minute: Nebuchadnezzar took advantage of an eclipse

A solar eclipse interrupted a battle between the Medes of King Cyaxares and the Lydians of King Alyattes. This event, considered as a divine sign, imposed peace between the two belligerents thanks to the arbitration of the King of Babylon Nebuchadnezzar II, ally of the Medes. He took advantage of it to annex Cilicia, a coastal plain of Turkey. Conscious of the rise in power of the Medes, Nebuchadnezzar II took the decision to protect his Empire by the construction of walls around Babylon including «hanging gardens» which should leave, according to their designers, a trace in history.

17 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005

Reported by Laurent Michon

Source: http://www.linternaute.com/histoire/jour/28/5/a/1/0/1/index.shtml

28 May, 585 BC

Last minute: Nebuchadnezzar took advantage of an eclipse

Έχουμε very good reasons to think that this solar magnetic geometry could have flipped in the past. Due to the «swastika» of the hooked cross (much older as a symbol than what was recovered by a mustached man of sinister memory). If this happened in the past, our ancestors could have seen it ... with the naked eye.

Οι astronomers are generally quite discreet on this part of our astronomical knowledge. But it is an observation fact that it is useless to occult.

Why would this magnetic system have flipped? Is it «auto-unstable»? We know in fact nothing, and it is the same for the terrestrial field. There would be a possibility: that our solar system is visited periodically not by a comet but by a fragment of a supernova core, a block of iron carrying with it its own magnetic field, original, before the explosion of the giant star. Astronomers begin (finally) to think that the Sun was not born alone, but in a «loose» cluster of several hundred stars, which has long since dislocated both by tidal effect and by sling effect. This original cluster, (but all this is only conjectural) would have been constituted by hundreds of low-mass stars, stars having a mass close to that of the Sun (which is practically the «standard star» of our galaxy) plus a few very massive stars, degenerating quickly into supernovae before the cluster even dislocated. It is they who would have enriched our proto-solar system in heavy elements, constituting later the telluric planets, like the Earth. But these same stars all had iron cores. Iron is the ultimate ash of fusion. Beyond, one no longer finds exo-energetic fusion reactions. The elements located beyond iron were constituted with an energy input, in the final explosion of the star. It is the phenomenon of supernovae that fills the boxes of the Mendeleiev table, beyond iron, as well as radioactive elements, of various periods.

What happened to these iron cores? We know nothing. Maybe it is one of these debris that, hitting the Earth full on, would have given birth to the Moon (catastrophist thesis to which astrophysicists finally decide to adhere). Maybe the terrestrial magnetic field is nothing else than the field created by this central core, which would have at least the advantage of simplicity.

What can happen if another supernova debris passed near the Earth, or the Sun? Could it, while its gravitational field would be quite weak, modify the magnetic geometry of these two objects? It seems to me that it is a question of energy. The magnetic energy linked to an object is:

It concerns orders of magnitude, field value and volume. The terrestrial magnetic field concerns large volumes, but it is weak: 0.6 gauss for the horizontal component, under our latitudes and 0.4 for the vertical component, if I am not mistaken. A piece of supernova could carry a field ten thousand times more intense. This graze, outside the terrestrial atmosphere, could it lead to the flip of the magnetic poles? Good question, thesis subject. What would be its action on the iron core of the Earth? Very interesting question. Second thesis subject. If one considers this iron core as a dipole, it will interact with the iron core, within which reigns in principle a magnetic field much more intense than the one measured at the surface of the Earth. Let's give an image. In a compass, the magnetic needle is free relative to the brass casing. The (true) north pole of this «needle» orients towards the geographical north Ng of the Earth which coincides roughly with its «magnetic south pole Sm of our planet».

Imagine that you move a very small magnet, developing a thousand Gauss on its surface (a tiny fragment of «Ticonal»). The field it will create will be superior to the terrestrial field and it will make flip, during its passage, the magnetic needle of the compass. If this one was linked to the brass casing, this one ... would also turn, although it is not, itself, made of a magnetic material.

Possible interaction between the Earth and a fragment of the supernova core ** ** **

23 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005

: My fault

A reader, astrophysicist at CNRS, immediately reacted to this page, specifying that the inversion of terrestrial poles, detected by paleomagnetism, occurred every 100,000 years on average, which is much too short to fit with this idea of an inversion linked to a passage near a supernova fragment, although the idea could have seemed a priori seductive.

I am not here to propagate false things. For the moment I do not have time to take back this page at instant t. Supporting the actions of Jimmy Walter has become a priority of the moment.

If this thesis does not fit, then we return to the classical idea of «Dynamo effect». The basic principle resides in the fact that certain systems can «self-excite». In an electrical generator, constituted of elements rigidly linked together, of conductors, of wires, there can exist no permanent magnet, but only solenoids. By putting this system in motion, a current appears in these windings, in the form of a «perturbation». This current creates a field, which in turn creates a current, which etc....

These are «self-exciting» dynamos. A magnetic field can therefore appear «ex nihilo». Scientists therefore thought that it could be the same with the enormous conductive mass represented by the «melting» iron constituting the core of the Earth. Note in passing that this state of iron, even if it comes from the absorption of a supernova fragment, does not justify the origin of the terrestrial magnetic field. When a piece of iron is magnetized, this magnetization comes from an alignment of the spins of the electrons. When this field is «saturated» it is that all the spins of the electrons that could align are. They are aligned by subjecting the iron to a magnetic field. The spins align and, when this field is removed, this state persists. This is what is called

remanence.

The phenomenon that maintains this state of magnetization of iron, this alignment of the spin, is quite amusing. It could be compared to a mimicry. Each electron, individually, is sensitive to the field created by all the others. Just as a soldier, in a section lost in the middle of deserts, but where the troop is aligned, will maintain his alignment on ... the general alignment. And all the other soldiers will do the same.

But imagine that you perturb these «soldiers» to the point that you make them lose «all their bearings». They no longer realign spontaneously. For electrons, and their spins, it is the same. The perturbation is thermal agitation (it can also be a sound vibration. A magnet subjected to shocks demagnetizes). That is why a heated piece of iron demagnetizes. Now the iron of the terrestrial core is hot, carried to thousands of degrees, as my colleague pointed out, therefore too hot to conserve any «residual magnetization». Therefore the weak magnetization corresponding to the terrestrial field is linked to an MHD mechanism, where a small part of the energy corresponding to the convection movements at work in the mass of the terrestrial globe, which translate a dissipative phenomenon: the bringing to the terrestrial surface of the heat coming from the terrestrial entrails.

All the difficulty, and we will return to this point with the help of this CNRS researcher, is that the dynamo effect is very difficult to model when the electrical conductors are constituted by fluid masses. But I will give an example linked to astrophysics where an ionized mass manages to self-excite and to convert part of its energy (of gravitational nature) into electromagnetic energy.

One must stir ideas, but not propagate false ideas. This site is interactive and receives praises, but also criticisms when there is reason to have them and contributions. There, currently, I lack time to take back all this. I therefore go to the most pressing. Even if this insert is not located at the optimal place in this page, which I do not have time to reread and correct. The essential is that it be present.

23 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005

: My fault

I am not here to propagate false things. For the moment I do not have time to take back this page at instant t. Supporting the actions of Jimmy Walter has become a priority of the moment.

remanence.

Imagine that a supernova fragment, strongly magnetized, grazes the Earth. The field it creates could be superior to the terrestrial field and, locally, to the field that reigns inside the iron core of the Earth. The two dipoles will tend to face each other (as two magnets would do). The supernova piece will turn on itself immediately to face the terrestrial dipole, because its moment of inertia is weak. On the other hand, its angular momentum, relative to the center of the Earth, could be more important than the angular momentum of the iron core of the Earth. All this can be calculated. Thus, during its hyperbolic trajectory, the supernova piece could, while gravitationally its action remains weak, generate a rotation movement of the iron core, linked to its own magnetic geometry, as the magnetic needle is linked to its ambient magnetic geometry. Hence both an inversion of the terrestrial magnetic poles and a flip of the «spin», of the rotation axis of the iron core, which would transmit to the whole planet, in a viscous way, through the ... magma. All this with a nice cortège of earthquakes and eruptions of all kinds.

The viscous transmission of the angular momentum of the iron core to its magma crust and its solidified crust could be sufficiently progressive (how long would it take? I know nothing. But it would suffice that this be counted in days or weeks for the phenomenon to be sufficiently «soft». Finally, everything is relative ....) so that all life is not automatically annihilated on Earth.

17 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005

My dossier provoked some reactions from astrophysicist friends (quite legitimate).

Regarding this idea of inversion of poles, of possible flip of the terrestrial axis, I admit that I made no order of magnitude calculation. It is only an idea that came to me as I wrote and which must not be taken as gospel. Could the magnetic interaction between a supernova fragment and the core of the Earth lead to a major flip phenomenon? I know nothing. Even admitting that the magnetic coupling could be quite strong, one would have to calculate the moment of inertia of the hard core of the Earth and compare it to the angular momentum of an object passing nearby, which could only be a simple grain of sand, a metallic asteroid of a few kilometers in size. Metallic asteroids, there are. I must have somewhere one of them, the size of a peanut, which is almost pure iron. It is not by chance, moreover, that the science of iron is called siderurgy, from «sidera», the sky. To what extent could the iron core of the Earth rotate inside the magma? Here is another question that implies evaluating the intensity of viscous tensions.

Let's say it is a scenario that is for the moment amusing, nothing more. But one must envisage many things of this kind, otherwise one does nothing. How will one explain, one day, that the enormous Uranus has its axis lying in the plane of the ecliptic?

Rémy Chauvin told me formerly that when one wanted to undertake something, one immediately had against oneself:

People who do the same thing
People who do the opposite
People who do nothing

One thing is sure: in astrophysics as in physics, it is not the revolutionary ideas that haunt the observatories, filled with theorists who behave like small civil servants (although we have, I admit, first-rate observers at the international level).

When I reread this dossier dedicated to the Sun, which had a certain success, I find in it an idea that seems valid to me. It is astonishing that from the ancient Indian civilization the hooked cross, the Svastika, is a solar symbol. I remember perfectly how one saw very distinctly with the naked eye, the solar corona during that eclipse in which I had participated.

I believe very probable that, on Earth, men have seen, in an evaluable past, such an object, which then had what to strike minds for ... tens of millennia.

On the scientific plane, this leads us to ask a question: what could have caused such a flip of the magnetic geometry of the Sun? I admit that I have not the slightest idea, for the moment.

One attributes to Adolf Hitler the drawing of the Nazi flag, with its hooked cross (inverted) stuck on a white disk, itself inscribed on a blood-colored flag. On the «design», «mass communication», «advertising» side, it is obviously remarkable. What is horrible is that a man humanly as mediocre could have used an emblem as mobilizing to drag millions of men into a monstrous adventure.

But is he the only one of his kind? I watched yesterday one of the dossiers broadcast on television, concerning the brilliant actions of the CIA. It is not much better. I think of the assassinations committed coldly in North Vietnam by infiltrated southern Vietnamese, framed and trained by American agents, to drag this country into war. At one point the commission charged with examining the actions of the Agency questions Helm, former director at the time of the facts.

These assassinations represent the death of how many people?
Twenty thousand.

17 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005

My dossier provoked some reactions from astrophysicist friends (quite legitimate).

Rémy Chauvin told me formerly that when one wanted to undertake something, one immediately had against oneself:

People who do the same thing
People who do the opposite
People who do nothing

I believe very probable that, on Earth, men have seen, in an evaluable past, such an object, which then had what to strike minds for ... tens of millennia.

On the scientific plane, this leads us to ask a question: what could have caused such a flip of the magnetic geometry of the Sun? I admit that I have not the slightest idea, for the moment.

These assassinations represent the death of how many people?
Twenty thousand.

One sees that there is a multitude of research subjects to envisage, simply based on fossils of past events (here: terrestrial paleomagnetism). There are also many «paleo-phenomena» that linger throughout the solar system. One has only the embarrassment of choice. Uranus, for example, has its rotation axis practically lying in the plane of the ecliptic, and no one knows how to explain why. Venus has a retrograde rotation on itself. Etc....

One sees poorly how all these symptoms could be explained by autonomous behaviors of the considered celestial bodies. But astronomers and astrophysicists are reluctant to invoke the action of perturbing objects, because of the «catastrophe scenario» side.

A few years ago I had made the trip Pertuis-Marseille to go listen to a researcher from Normale Supérieure, who was to give a conference on the origin of the terrestrial magnetic field. I was very interested. Arriving early I had started discussing with this Mr. Perrichon about astrophysics. What had he found so new that explains the tempting title of his conference? He was not used to having in front of him a true plasma physicist and my well-targeted questions quickly brought out, before he even began his seminar, the sad truth: he knew no more than the first person. My questions had disturbed him to the point that he started stuttering, which was quite embarrassing. He managed luckily to regain a minimum of phonetic stability before starting his presentation.

Let's return to what motivated the opening of this dossier and this title. It seems well that the Sun is quite angry, «beside himself», these days. We recorded on September 13 one of the strongest solar eruptions that astronomers have known (the strongest recorded, of class «X 17», dates from August 7, 2005).

Class of the eruption	Peak value in watts per square meter between 1 and 8 Angstroms of wavelength
B	I < 10-6
C	10-6 <= I < 10-5
M	10-5 <= I < 10-4
X	I >= 10-4

The image of the eruption of September 13, obtained with the coronograph, is very spectacular:

A gigantic solar eruption on September 13, 2005 (I believe that the object in the background is Mercury)

This animated gif illustrates very well the way these bursts of high-energy particles are created, described in the 2001 dossier. An MHD instability causes the emergence of a magnetic field loop outside the surface of the Sun. This dilates giving a magnetic arch. The field is stronger at the two «feet» of this arch. The surface of the Sun then emits two bursts of hydrogen plasma. This magnetic field tube behaves like a double accelerator of charged particles. On both sides (where the «solar spots» are) the field is more intense. The «magnetic pressure» then expels the charged particles which are strongly accelerated and collide at the top of the arch (very visible phenomenon on this film). The temperature reached (several million degrees) is then sufficient for these particles to escape this magnetic bottle. It is the solar eruption in all its terrible splendor.

The Sun therefore reveals itself exceptionally active these days. What influence could this have on the climate?

The effect could come from a modification of the behavior of the high layers of the atmosphere (ionosphere) regarding their capacity of absorption or reflection of solar energy (it is very precisely what the Americans do with the HAARP set, artificially). Thus it is not the fluctuations of the power of the radiation emitted by the Sun that could modify the climate in an important way, but the action of gusts of solar wind acting on the high atmospheric layers. All this being quite unpredictable. What is sure is that it modifies the local albedo on vast portions of the earth, the way the atmosphere absorbs and manages the energy received from the solar star. An atmosphere that would thus become more and more unstable.

What can cause a resurgence of solar eruptions?

We do not know very well what causes them, in fact, but in all logic these eruptions should be very sensitive to tidal effects, that is to the gravitational field created by the planets of the solar system and in particular by the increases of fields linked to exceptional conjunctions. One must know one thing: the tidal effect, which deforms the surface of the sun (and in fact its whole mass) is proportional to the mass of the planet and to the inverse cube of its distance to the Sun. Thus the tiny Mercury has the same effect as ... Saturn, because it is much closer. More educated astronomers than I am could perhaps inform us about the correlation that could exist between frequency and intensity of eruptions and conjunctions, planetary configurations.

I finally received from a reader statistics established «by an Indonesian researcher», concerning the increase in the frequency of natural disasters from 1900 to today. This graph denotes a very significant rise, but not having identified sources I did not want to reproduce it. To clarify if possible.

There, I must have spent six good hours to build this dossier. Let's pass to the next.....

http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/education/scienceofclimatechange/understanding/ccd/ccd_9801/sections/image-2_large_f.html

http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/education/scienceofclimatechange/understanding/ccd/ccd_9801/sections/2_f.html#graph2

http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca

17 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005.

From Nicolas Charpail, computer scientist:

Hello Mr. Petit,

To help clarify your dossier «the anger of the sun» concerning the increase in the frequency of natural disasters from 1900 to today, I transmit to you the following address pointing to a graph illustrating this:

This graph follows an article entitled «extreme meteorological phenomena and climate changes» which you will find here:

To finish I think that this source is reliable since it comes from the governmental site of the Meteorological Service of Canada:

17 Σεπτεμβρίου 2005.

From Nicolas Charpail, computer scientist:

Hello Mr. Petit,

This graph follows an article entitled «extreme meteorological phenomena and climate changes» which you will find here:

To finish I think that this source is reliable since it comes from the governmental site of the Meteorological Service of Canada:

Below, what a monstrous tornado can give in the great Canadian plains. Edmonton, 1987, 27 dead, 200 injured.

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