a205 A cosmological model: The twin bang. (p. 5.)
...Returning to our VLS model, the immediate question is:
— Can the presence of such ghost matter clumps produce some observable phenomenon?
...We cannot perform direct optical observation, for we cannot receive the "ghost light" emitted by such ghost clumps. However, these latter produce an inverse negative pressure effect. See:
- J.P. Petit: Cosmology of the twin universe: Astronomy and Space Science 226: 273-307, 1995 and Geometrical Physics A, 2, section 4.
- J.P. Petit and P. Midy: Repulsive dark matter. Geometrical Physics A, 3, 1998, section 6.
- J.P. Petit and P. Midy: Matter-ghost matter astrophysics. 2: Conjugated steady state metrics. Exact solutions. Geometrical Physics A, 5, 1998, section 4.
(159)
...Analogy with a lens:
(160)
...When one observes a landscape through a divergent lens (for example, ping-pong balls hung at a certain distance), one gets the following figure:
(161)
...Thus, if such ghost matter clumps are located at the center of each cell of the VLS, they would modify the appearance of distant, highly redshifted objects. The influence on the background is very sensitive to the characteristic diameter f of the clumps. See:
J.P. Petit, P. Midy and F. Landsheat: Matter-ghost matter astrophysics. 5: Results of numerical 2D simulations. VLS. About a possible scheme for the formation of galaxies. Geometrical Physics A, 8, 1998, section 3, formula (23) and figure 18.
...In his book Principles of Physical Cosmology, Princeton Series in Physics, 1993, P.J.E. Peebles points out the presence of a large number of dwarf galaxies at high redshifts.
...Classical interpretation: Dwarf galaxies would form first, then merge or be "cannibalized" to form more massive objects. Our model proposes an alternative interpretation.
Towards a theory of the formation of galaxies.
...As we have indicated in the previous sections, the description of the early universe, immediately after decoupling, is difficult to handle. In our simulations, we have separated the phenomena, assuming that:
- The expansion occurs first and provides certain "initial conditions":
r, r*, T, T* - Then, the joint gravitational instabilities occur and produce the VLS.
...This is not correct. If such a mechanism operates, it must necessarily take place during the expansion process, not afterwards. This work is only indicative. It constitutes a qualitative support for the general idea (also supported by 2D simulations!). In our view, all these processes occur simultaneously:
- Cosmic expansion
- Joint cooling of matter and ghost matter
- Joint gravitational instability, giving rise to proto-VLS
- Formation of galaxies
- Appearance of primordial stars
...From our qualitative results, we might perhaps sketch a possible scenario for the birth of galaxies.
...When a clump forms, the matter warms up. The internal pressure increases and prevents contraction. To condense and contract, the object must eliminate its internal energy by radiative cooling. A spherical object has the minimum emission surface. Conversely, a thin plate is an optimal geometry for radiative cooling.
...If ghost matter clumps form, they push the matter into the residual space along surfaces similar to the walls of soap bubbles. The clumps compress the matter by exerting repulsive forces on both sides. See:
Geometrical Physics A, 8, 1998, section 4, figures 19, 20 and 21.
...The density and temperature increase in the matter, but, due to this particular geometry, the matter plates cool quickly by radiative emission. This makes them unstable with respect to gravitational instability, which leads to the formation of clumps (proto-galaxies). The hot (invisible) ghost matter immediately invades the available space between them, producing a confinement effect.
...The confinement scheme is identical to the one suggested by J.M. Souriau (with the difference that ghost matter clumps cannot exist in his model). Thus, we obtain galaxies, immersed in a quasi-uniform environment of hot ghost matter.
(162)
See our article:
J.P. Petit and P. Midy: Repulsive dark matter. Geometrical Physics A, 3, 1998, section 2.
Can ghost matter confine spheroidal objects?
...This is a question that seems strange for a theorist, who would tend to answer immediately:
- No. It would contradict Gauss's theorem!
(163)
See our article:
J.P. Petit and P. Midy: Matter-ghost matter astrophysics. 7: Confinement of spheroidal galaxies by surrounding ghost matter. Geometrical Physics A, 10, 1998.
...We consider a spheroidal mass surrounded by a homogeneous, infinite and unbounded medium. We can schematize it as shown in the figure (164).
(164)
...One might object:
- Consider a thin shell ( r ; r + dr ) made of a material with constant density.
(164 bis)
...It creates a Newtonian field, and according to Gauss's theorem, the Newtonian field inside is zero. Extending this reasoning to infinity, we conclude that an infinite distribution of uniform ghost matter produces a zero field inside a spherical cavity. However:
Infinite: to be handled with care.