a207 A cosmological model: The twin big bang. (p.7)
Negative lensing effect.
Astrophysicists say:
- The strong gravitational effects observed are a definite proof of the existence of dark matter inside galaxies and galaxy clusters. We can even use it to map the distribution of dark matter in space.
...But a hidden ghost mass, located in the adjacent portion of the ghost fold, produces a negative gravitational lensing effect: ** **
...Similarly, the ghost matter gradient bends the light rays, at the vicinity of a galaxy confined in its lacuna:
(172)
As first presented in:
J*.P.Petit: "Cosmology of twin universes". Astronomy and Space Science 226: 273-307, 1995*
we suggest that the strong observed gravitational effects are not due to dark matter located inside galaxies and galaxy clusters, but to the external environment of ghost matter. This is an alternative interpretation of the phenomenon.
An alternative theory for spiral structure.
...Some researchers, like the French astrophysicist Françoise Combe, study a two-population system: the observed matter of a galaxy, plus a certain amount of "cold hydrogen", so cold that it cannot be detected. In the paper:
J.P.Petit and F.Landsheat: Astrophysics of ghost matter-ghost matter. 6: Spiral structure. Geometrical Physics A, 9, 1998.
we use two sets of 5000 interacting points. It is not necessary to double the images. If Nicolas Lecot had finished the job, normally, when exploring the paper you would see the formation of a very convincing barred spiral.
...As Napoleon used to say:
- A good sketch is better than a long talk.
...But a good movie is better than a succession of fixed images.
...See the paper for technical details. This work was done in 1993 and required a powerful system. F. Landsheat had one when he worked on the Daisy particle accelerator (Germany). Landsheat was not an astrophysicist, but, following my instructions, he obtained the desired result. Nowadays, he works in another laboratory and cannot use such a powerful computer. So... this is the end of the story.
The radiative era.
...As mentioned in the previous section, a cosmological model with initial linear evolution laws:
raises immediately a serious problem for the early times. The expansion would be too slow to freeze the nuclear reactions. For example, all the primordial hydrogen would be converted into helium.
Then we returned to previous papers:
- J.P.Petit, Mod. Phys. Lett. A3 (1988) 1527
- J.P.Petit, Mod. Phys. Lett. A3 (1988) 1733
- J.P.Petit, Mod. Phys. Lett. A4 (1989) 2201
( not reproduced on this site )
and to:
J.P.Petit: Cosmology of twin universes: Astronomy and Space Science 226: 273-307, 1995 and Geometrical Physics A, 2.
...We applied the idea to the radiative era.
...Our physics depends on a certain set of physical constants: G, h, c, the masses, etc.
..Classically, it is considered that it is impossible for any constant to vary over time. People say:
...- Suppose such a constant varies over time. Then it causes this... and this. But we don't observe it. So this particular constant cannot vary over time.
...But nobody has ever suggested joint variations, where all the constants could vary together. In the aforementioned papers, we showed that such joint variations could be constructed, keeping all equations invariant:
- Field equation.
- Schrödinger equations.
- Maxwell equations.
...As a consequence, it becomes impossible to prove such variations of the constants with laboratory equipment, because it undergoes the same phenomenon. Trying to prove the variation of constants with laboratory equipment is like trying to detect the expansion of an iron table due to a temperature change, by measuring its length with a ruler made of the same metal.
In the paper:
Jean-Pierre Petit: Astrophysics of ghost matter-ghost matter. 3: The radiative era: The problem of the "origin" of the universe. The problem of the homogeneity of the early universe. Geometrical Physics A, 6, 1998.
when rr >> rrcr, we obtain:
(174)
...G being the gravitational constant, m the mass, h the Planck constant, c the speed of light and e the electric charge.
...This model gives an a posteriori justification. All scientists know that the remarkable homogeneity of the early universe is hardly justified by the Standard Model. At the very beginning, the cosmological horizon ct was smaller than the average distance between particles (scale factor R(t)), so they could not interact. It then appeared necessary to introduce the idea of inflation (due to the Russian Linde). It is assumed that the universe expanded wildly immediately "after the beginning". But all that is too far away to be clear. The only a posteriori justification of Linde's inflation theory is... the homogeneity of the universe. We present here an alternative solution. In the Standard Model, we have:
(175)
In the new model, with variable constants,
c was infinite "at the moment t = 0".
...The cosmological horizon becomes an integral:
(175 bis)
i.e.:
(176)
...Thus, homogeneity is ensured at any time.