A cosmological model: The twin bang. (p.7)
Negative lensing effect.
Astrophysicists say:
- The observed strong gravitational effects are definitive proof of the existence of dark material inside galaxies and clusters of galaxies. We can even use it to map the dark matter distribution in space.
...But a hidden ghost mass, located in the adjacent portion of the ghost fold, produces a negative gravitational lensing effect:
...Similarly, the ghost matter gradient bends light rays in the vicinity of a galaxy confined within its lacuna:
(172)
As first presented in:
J.P. Petit: "Twin Universes cosmology." Astronomy and Space Science 226: 273-307, 1995*
we suggest that the strong observed gravitational effects are not due to dark matter located inside galaxies and clusters of galaxies, but to the external environment of ghost matter.
This is an alternative interpretation of the phenomenon.
An alternative theory for spiral structure.
...Some researchers, such as the French astrophysicist Françoise Combes, deal with a two-population system: the observed material of a galaxy, plus a certain amount of "cold hydrogen," so cold that it cannot be detected. In the paper:
J.P. Petit and F. Landsheer: Matter ghost matter astrophysics. 6: Spiral structure. Geometrical Physics A, 9, 1998.
we use two sets of 5000 interacting points. It is not necessary to double the images. If Nicolas Lecot had finished the job, normally, when exploring the paper you would see the formation of a very good-looking barred spiral.
...As Napoleon used to say:
- A good sketch is better than a long talk.
...But a good movie is better than a succession of fixed images.
...See the paper for technical discussion. This work was done in 1993 and required a powerful system. F. Landsheer had one when he worked on the Daisy particle accelerator (Germany). Landsheer was not an astrophysicist but, following my instructions, he obtained the desired result. Now he works in another laboratory and cannot use such a powerful computer. So... this is the end of the story.
The radiative era.
...As evoked in the preceding section, a cosmological model with initial linear evolution laws:
immediately raises a severe problem for early times. The expansion would be much too slow, unable to freeze nuclear reactions. For example, all the primeval hydrogen would be converted into helium.
Then we went back to former papers:
- J.P. Petit, Mod. Phys. Lett. A3 (1988) 1527
- J.P. Petit, Mod. Phys. Lett. A3 (1988) 1733
- J.P. Petit, Mod. Phys. Lett. A4 (1989) 2201
(not reproduced on the present site)
and to:
J.P. Petit: Twin Universe Cosmology: Astronomy and Space Science 226: 273-307, 1995 and Geometrical Physics A, 2.
...We applied the idea to the radiative era.
...Our physics depends on a certain set of physical constants: G, h, c, the masses, etc...
..Classically, one considers that it is impossible for any constant to vary in time. People say:
...- Suppose such a constant varies in time. Then it causes this... and this. But we don't observe it. So this peculiar constant cannot vary in time.
...But nobody has suggested joint variations, where all the constants may vary together. In the aforementioned papers, we showed that such joint variations could be constructed, keeping all equations invariant:
- Field equation.
- Schrödinger equations.
- Maxwell equations.
...As a consequence, it becomes impossible to prove such variations of the constants with laboratory equipment, for they undergo the same phenomenon. Trying to prove the variation of constants with lab equipment is like trying to evidence the dilatation of an iron table, due to temperature change, by measuring its length with a ruler made of the same metal.
In the paper:
Jean-Pierre Petit: Matter ghost-matter astrophysics. 3: The radiative era: The problem of the "origin" of the universe. The problem of the homogeneity of the early universe. Geometrical Physics A, 6, 1998.
when rr >> rrcr we get:
(174)
...G being the gravitational constant, m the mass, h the Planck constant, c the velocity of light, and e the electric charge.
...This model gives an a posteriori justification. All scientists know that the remarkable homogeneity of the early universe is hardly justified by the Standard Model. In early times, the cosmological horizon ct was smaller than the mean distance between particles (scale factor R(t)), so they could not interact. Then it appeared necessary to introduce the idea of inflation (due to the Russian Linde). One assumes that the universe inflates like hell immediately "after the beginning." But all that is too far away to be clear. The only a posteriori justification of Linde's inflation theory is... the homogeneity of the universe. We present here an alternative solution. In the Standard Model we have:
(175)
In the new model, with "variable constants," c was infinite "when t = 0."
...The cosmological horizon becomes an integral:
(175 bis)
i.e.:
(176)
...So that homogeneity is ensured at any epoch.
