twin universe astrophysics and cosmology
Matter, ghost matter astrophysics. 5: Results of numerical 2D simulations.
VLS. About a possible scheme for galaxy formation (p10).
Positive and negative lensings. Fig. 5: Analogy with optics. Fig. 6: Effect on the background. This would create, for high redshifts, an appearance of abundance of dwarf galaxies. Indeed, as Peebles observes, this is exactly what is observed. Classically, astrophysicists believe that when the universe was younger, for an unspecified reason, dwarf galaxies formed first. Then heavier objects appeared, through "galactic cannibalism." The present model offers an alternative interpretation of this aspect of high-redshift observations.
If they exist, what could be the structure of these ghost matter conglomerates? We can only speculate. In any case, in our view, everything would form simultaneously: the VLS, the clumps, and the galaxies. Treating the problem as we have done—starting from "initial conditions" calculated "after expansion"—is in itself an aberration. We would need to account for all phenomena jointly. But we do not know how to approach this problem (in any case, since 1994, since Frédéric Landsheat no longer had access to a large computing system, we have lacked computational resources).
If we could, we might then perhaps build a more coherent model of the possible formation and evolution of such conglomerates. In this paper, we have proposed a model for galaxy formation: precisely because matter is compressed into thin sheets, it can efficiently radiate away energy. Then, becoming abruptly unstable, it would condense into proto-galaxies. The surrounding ghost matter would be pushed into intergalactic space, where it would immediately exert a counter-pressure on these young galaxies (missing mass effect). However, its relatively high temperature would provide sufficient homogeneity in these regions to avoid significant negative lensing effects. Recall that gravitational lensing is null when matter passes through a homogeneous medium, regardless of its density.
It would be extremely interesting to simulate, even just in 2D, interactions between galaxies located within these ghost matter voids (which naturally accompany them in their motion). Logically, if these galaxies approach closely enough and the voids come into contact, this would facilitate their merging. See the suggested scheme in Figure 7.
Proposed scheme of merging of two galaxies.
If matter, after undergoing compression into thin sheets, was able to give rise to galaxies due to its efficient cooling, the same would not hold for more compact, possibly spherical, conglomerates. In principle—and this will be examined in other papers—there would be no fundamental difference between matter and ghost matter. Both would be composed of nuclei, protons, neutrons, electrons, atoms, and all corresponding antiparticles (in paper [15], it is shown that matter-antimatter duality also applies in the ghost universe). However, to describe such a medium, we would need some insight into the primordial nucleosynthesis occurring within ghost matter, i.e., to accurately describe its early radiation phase. It could then consist of hydrogen and helium produced by this primordial nucleosynthesis, in quantities unimaginable.
We might then compare these conglomerates to enormous proto-stars. The amount of heat, for a given temperature, is proportional to the cube of the object's radius, while its emissive surface is proportional to the square. What would then be the cooling time of such conglomerates? Possibly much greater than the age of the universe. Thus, this primordial gas of the ghost universe would never have been able to radiate away enough heat to contract sufficiently for fusion to ignite at the core (minimum 700,000 degrees).
We may therefore conjecture that the ghost universe would contain no elements heavier than helium, due to the absence of stars where such elements could be formed. These conglomerates would thus appear, to a traveler venturing into this anti-world, merely as vast masses of gas emitting in the red and infrared.
However, in other works we will suggest that neutron stars reaching their critical mass could eject matter into the ghost universe via the creation of a hyper-toroidal bridge—either gently, or through more violent transfers, for example triggered by the merger of a binary system composed of two orbiting neutron stars around a common center of gravity. We know (from Thibaud-Damour's work) that gravitational wave emission slows their rotational motion. Such mergers therefore appear inevitable.
These transfers would then enrich the ghost universe with heavy elements. We emphasize, however, that this is currently pure speculation. We assume that during a violent transfer, most of the mass would be expelled into the ghost universe, where it would remain, the neutron star itself simply becoming a ghost neutron star. In the case of continuous matter ejection—due to an overflow—this material would disperse throughout the ghost universe, being pushed away by the neutron star from which it originated, which remains in our universe. This process would thus scatter heavy elements throughout the ghost universe.
