Universe and evolution of physical constants

...The system (27-a) and (27-b) gives a non-symmetrical evolutionary history of coupled universes. In reference [6] is developed a model in which the so-called physical constants are "time-dependent". See figure 5.

Fig.4 : Evolution of the so-called physical constants.

...This work follows previous works ([10] ** ******, [11], [12]). It provides another observational confirmation, as mentioned for the first time in reference [7]: the cosmological horizon no longer varies like the cosmic time t when c varies. We obtain:
(28)

Horizon = R(t)

which ensures the homogeneity of the universe at any time. This theory corresponds to Linde's inflation theory.
In addition, 2D numerical simulations showed that, when interacting with its twin structure, a galaxy forms a barred spiral structure, which gives us an alternative interpretation of the phenomenon, in terms of interaction of the galaxy with "its image" in the twin universe. In reference [7], we showed that the model gives an alternative interpretation to strong gravitational lensing effects, interpreted in terms of "negative lensing effect".

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4 - The twin universe: what does it look like?

...The twin universe model explains the very large structure of the universe. The Jeans time varies like the inverse root of the mass density. As the twin universe is denser, it undergoes gravitational instability first, after decoupling from radiation, forms clumps and repels our matter, which then occupies the space left vacant. See figure 5.

Fig.5 : Twin universe and our universe: conjugated VLS structures.

...On the right: what we can observe optically. On the left: the structure of the twin universe. On figure 6, the two combined.

Fig.6 : The two combined.

...As we see, twin matter clumps are located at the center of the cells, and keep ordinary matter at a distance. By the way (see reference [7]), it provides an interesting model for the formation of galaxies. If someone could travel in the twin universe, he would just see the distant clumps. They can be compared to some giant proto-stars, with quasi-infinite cooling time. They emit electromagnetic energy corresponding to red and infrared light. If it existed, the twin universe would be fairly different from ours: it would not contain stars, planets like ours. It would simply be filled with these huge "proto-stars", made of hydrogen and helium. Life would not be present in the twin universe.

5 - Natural hyperspace transfer.

...But it is not the subject of this paper, which is devoted to the problem of interstellar travel.
What is the link?

...As we can see in section 2, the velocity of light c*, in the twin space, can be quite different from that of our own universe. c* could be 50 times higher than c. If we could find a way to be "transferred" into the twin space, we could navigate within it, using this twin space as some kind of express subway.

...In physics, many "artificial phenomena", due to human activity, can be related to similar natural phenomena. Example: fusion. We experience "artificial fusion" in hydrogen bombs. But nature did it naturally billions of years ago and the process continues in stars. Another example: shock waves. We know how to create shock waves with airplanes or guns. Nature creates shock waves with lightning, thunderbolts (due to thermal effect). If hyperspace transfer became possible, from our space to the twin space, we can think that nature experiences it "naturally".

...Almost all scientists believe in the existence of black holes. But it is not experimentally proven. The study of the dynamics of the centers of many galaxies suggests that "giant black holes" could be there. But X-ray observations showed that such giant black holes (millions of solar masses) were strangely "silent".

...We have very few candidates for "ordinary" black holes coupled to ordinary stars, and they are fairly distant. Everyone knows that the measurement of distances to stars is still very questionable. See, for example, the recent criticisms about Hipparcos data. A slight variation in the distance to a binary system in which one element is thought to be a black hole would transform this last into a simple neutron star, which also emits X-rays.

...Black hole is a question of belief. The majority of scientists believe in the existence of black holes, small or giant, nothing else. If someone shows some skepticism, they respond:

• What do you suggest? Do you have a competing theory? What could be the fate of a neutron star which exceeds its stability limit? (close to 2.5 solar masses).

...Personally, I think that when a neutron star exceeds its stability limit, a hypertoric bridge forms at its center, with matter flowing through. It could be a gentle phenomenon, in the case of a neutron star that reaches the critical mass value by continuous matter transfer from a companion star. This idea is presented on my website ("[questionable
(29)

while the internal corresponds to
(30)

...Both become "pathological" for the same value of the radius, corresponding to the Schwarzschild radius. On figure 7, a schematic description of a subcritical neutron star.

Fig.7 : Subcritical neutron star.

...In gray: the neutron star. Inside: the Schwarzschild radius (that of the Sun is 2.7 kilometers). Outside: an external critical radius, which only depends on the value of the density of the material, which can be considered as constant, so that this dotted sphere remains fixed when the mass of the star increases. Figure 8 shows the rise to "geometrical criticities", which involve the two metrics. Geometrical criticity occurs for the same value of the radius.

Fig.8 : Geometrical criticity.

which is the Schwarzschild radius :
(31)

r is the (constant) mass density inside the neutron star. c is the velocity of light. rn is the radius of the star. The next equation (from reference [13]) is the TOV equations, state equation describing the interior of a neutron star :
(32)

...Now, we can compare the calculated pressure, following this classical TOV model, for different values of the neutron star radius.

Fig.8 : Evolution of the pressure inside a neutron star, for increased values of its external radius.

...For moderate values of the radius, say < 0.9 r crit, the pressure varies slowly. But suddenly, when the radius approaches a new critical value :
(33)

r crit = 0.9429 Rs

the pressure becomes infinite at the center, so that this physical criticity occurs before the classical geometrical criticity. Little attention has been paid to this important point for more than half a century.

...The growth of the mass of a neutron star is supposed to be first a physical problem, not a purely geometrical and mathematical problem. Before thinking about geometrical criticity, we have to face a first question:

• What happens when the pressure becomes infinite at the center of a neutron star?

...In several papers, and especially [7], I have developed a model where the constants of physics depend on the energy density, which corresponds to figure 4. As we can see, when the energy density becomes infinite (and pressure is an energy density), the velocity of light becomes infinite. All the constants are strongly altered. I think a similar phenomenon could occur at the center of a neutron star, when it approaches physical criticity. A bridge could form, linking the two folds of the universe, making possible mass transfer from our fold to the other one. A rough calculation shows that a very small "space bridge", as large as a tiny ball, could evacuate, due to the extremely high mass density and relativistic velocity, a mass flux corresponding to the solar wind of a companion star, if absorbed by the neutron star.

...If this idea is valid, such a phenomenon would automatically keep neutron stars beyond geometrical criticity. The system would work like the plug hole of a bath. The next images are didactic images of the process.

Fig.9 : Didactic image of a subcritical neutron star, coupled to a companion star.

**Fig.10 : Didactic model of our model, challenger to the black hole model:
Extra matter would be evacuated in twin space through a space bridge. **