Geometry and twin universes

a126

Conclusion of this first part devoted to geometry.
A word about Geometrical Physics B and group theory.

( Elements of group theory, applied to physics, are given at the beginning of the sub-site Geometrical Physics B, "Dynamic Groups in Physics". )

We have introduced new geometric concepts.

• Twin geometries, inspired initially by Andréi Sakharov's idea: there is not only a single universe, but two, which A. Sakharov called, in 1967, "twin universes".

• These two universes do not live in distant places, but are "at the same place". We gave the (primitive) didactic image of checkers, with two games, one being played on black squares and the other on white ones.

• This is a didactic image of a more refined geometric structure, in which the universe, as a whole, is composed of two distinct (but interacting) folds. These folds are 4d hypersurfaces, which can be considered as "the two-fold cover of a skeleton-manifold".

• As in general relativity, we assume that particles follow geodesics of each hypersurface. One of these is supposed to be our space-time. The other is supposed to be twin space-time.

A priori, three kinds of particles are supposed to cruise along geodesics in each fold, which are, schematically:

• matter

• anti-matter.

• photons.

So that, in the second fold, the second universe, that we can call ghost fold, or ghost universe, we would find:

• ghost matter

• ghost anti-matter

• ghost photons.

(All that is explained in detail in "Geometrical Physics B: Dynamic Groups in Physics".)

-The two folds are distinct and their geodesic lines are distinct too. So that a photon, travelling on a geodesic of our fold F, cannot jump and follow a "ghost geodesic", which belongs to the ghost universe, the ghost fold F*. As a conclusion, light emitted by matter (or anti-matter) in our fold, cannot reach the other universe and be received by some ghost particle. If some living creatures exist in the fold F*, they cannot see our stars, our galaxies, anything that lies in our fold, on pure geometrical grounds.

• Conversely, a ghost photon, emitted by a particle of ghost matter (or ghost anti-matter) in the ghost fold F* (or ghost universe), travels on a geodesic of this fold and cannot jump to the other fold, ours. So that it cannot be received, captured by any massive particle located in our universe. As a conclusion, the structures of the twin universe, or shadow universe, or ghost universe, whatever the name we choose, are basically invisible to us. If there are structures of any kind in this second universe, we cannot observe it, by optical means, for the same reason: on pure geometrical grounds.

• This idea is close to the superstring theory. Many researchers, from the superstring community, are now convinced that two worlds exist, which communicate only through gravitational field.
  Witten (Field medal winner), Duff, Green Schwarz, the Nobel Prize winner Abdus Salam...
  see a recent paper of Michael Duff, in Scientific American, entitled "the new superstring theory", translated in French (Pour la Science Journal, April 1998).
  Duff imagines matter "on a wall" and some invisible matter "on another wall, parallel to the first."
  The idea of two universes, two entities, unable to see each other and communicating only through gravitational force, was initially due to Green, Schwarz and the Nobel Prize winner Abdus Salam.

The general idea is to extend the number of dimensions. In classical physics, this number is four: (x, y, z, t), corresponding to space-time. Modern theoretical physics tends to extend that number, in general to ten.

Then all is based on group theories and symmetries. A symmetry is not only the familiar symmetries of the 2d or 3d space, like

• Symmetry with respect to a point.

• Symmetry with respect to a plane.

• Symmetry with respect to a straight line.

• or rotational symmetry (periodic objects, crystals).

An object which remains unchanged through a translation owns this "kind of symmetry".

There are also, for example, symmetries with respect to time. Consider the movement of a test particle, located at a distance r from a mass-point M.

G being the constant of gravity, the movement obeys, in Newtonian dynamics, the following differential equation:
(142)

which owns a peculiar solution:
(143)

this last being time-reversible. We get a symmetry with respect to time, a T-symmetry.

Particles own a set of peculiar symmetries. This forms a set of strong constraints, if one wants to build the group which runs the "things".
At the present time the superstring theorists are facing a wall. Their tool box offers too many possibilities, so that they don't talk about theory, but about theories. Many use to say: "among the million of possible theories..."

With my colleague Pierre Midy we have approached the problem on a different angle, using a tool called "the coadjoint action of a group on its momentum space". See the book of Jean-Marie Souriau:
"Structure of Dynamical Systems", Birkhauser Ed. 1997".
(See also Geometrical Physics B, Dynamic Groups in Physics ) . ** With such tool it has been possible to geometrize elementary particles such as proton, neutron, electron, photon, neutrinos, and their antiparticles. But we do not deal with deeper structure (quarks). See our paper:
J.P. Petit and P. Midy: Geometrization of matter and anti-matter through coadjoint action of a group on its momentum space. 1: Charges as additional scalar components of the momentum of a group acting on a 10d-space. Geometrical definition of anti-matter. Geometrical Physics B, 1, 1998.

This paper contains a geometrical definition of anti-matter .

Briefly, to classical space-time: { x, y, z, t } we add six more dimensions, additional dimensions:

{ z₁, z₂, z₃, z₄, z₅, z₆ }

We can link these scalars to a vector z. Similarly we can define the space-time vector:
(144)

We can consider that a particle "lives" in a ten dimensional space:
(145)
(146)

Or, simply: z → - z

which means:

z₁ → - z₁
z₂ → - z₂
z₃ → - z₃
z₄ → - z₄
z₅ → - z₅
z₆ → - z₆

All the additional dimensions are reversed.

The introduction of additional dimensions modifies the Dynamic Group. See the book of Souriau, Birkhauser Ed. 1997.

In non-quantum relativistic physics the dynamic group is the Poincaré's group. One extends to the quantum world, introducing a fifth dimension z (Souriau, 1964). Furthermore the Kostant-Kirilov-Souriau method makes it possible to build the Klein-Gordon equation from the "Central extension of the Poincaré group", the new dynamic group.

We deal with a generalized extended Poincaré's group ("Petit's group"), whose coadjoint action on its momentum gives the six classical quantum numbers:

q: electric charge
cB: baryonic number
cL: leptonic number
cm: muonic number
ct: tauonic number
v: gyromagnetic constant.

Then a particle is defined by the set:

{ q, cB, cL, cm, ct, v, E, px, py, pz, s }

E is its energy

{ px, py, pz } is its momentum vector

s is its spin.

For example, an electron corresponds to:

q: electric charge = -1
cB: baryonic number = 0
cL: leptonic number = 1
cm: muonic number = 0
ct: tauonic number = 0
v: gyromagnetic constant = ve
s = 1/2

and anti-proton to:

q: electric charge = -1
cB: baryonic number = -1
cL: leptonic number = 1
cm: muonic number = 0
ct: tauonic number = 0
v: gyromagnetic constant = -ve
s = 1/2

a photon to:

q: electric charge = 0
cB: baryonic number = 0
cL: leptonic number = 0
cm: muonic number = 0
ct: tauonic number = 0
v: gyromagnetic constant = 0
s = 1

In Dirac's anti-matter theory, all the charges are reversed (including the electric charge).

As all the charges of photons are zero it explains why the photon is its own antiparticle, because:

• 0 = + 0

Then this method gives a first geometrization of (usual) elementary particles. The description is limited to the components of the nuclei.