The impact of the UFO phenomenon on society

legacy/ufologie ufologie

En résumé (grâce à un LLM libre auto-hébergé)

  • The UFO phenomenon has existed for more than half a century, but it has not had a significant impact on political, scientific, or religious spheres.
  • The French GEPAN/GEIPAN service limits itself to collecting testimonies without conducting in-depth scientific studies.
  • The idea of extraterrestrial visits is seen as a taboo due to its deep religious and scientific implications.

Untitled Document

UFO-Science Presentation

May 6, 2010

Introduction

The UFO phenomenon has been present on Earth for more than half a century. Before summarizing our group's activities, UFO-Science, we would like to recall the different characteristics of this phenomenon and its impact on our society.

This impact has been, to say the least, almost nonexistent within the social circles accessible to us. As for the benefits that the militaries of the most developed countries have drawn from it, that is another story. But let's get to the heart of the matter: the impact. It is surprising that a phenomenon supported by hundreds of thousands of observations, many of which are highly credible, has not triggered any reaction in political, scientific, military (at least to the extent we know so far), religious, and philosophical circles.

This phenomenon, so omnipresent, has become, throughout the world, a matter of folklore. The great majority of the international scientific community, in all disciplines, denies the reality of the phenomenon with great irrationality. A typical position can be summarized in the following sentence:

- Why would you want me to be interested in a phenomenon that has no basis?

The absence of serious scientific studies conducted by competent scientists leaves the field to speculators whose only available resources are a few testimonies, photographs, or videos, all subject to doubt.

In 1977, France created a service that has had several names over the past thirty years: GEPAN (Groupe d'Etudes des Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non Identifiés), SEPRA (Service d'Expertise des Phénomènes de Rentrées Atmosphériques), and finally, in 2005, GEIPAN (Groupe d'Etude et d'Information sur les Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non Identifiés). This service continues to limit its actions to witness testimonies and on-site investigations, claiming that scientific studies are not part of its mission (after... 33 years!). Neither the military, comparable to the American National Guard, nor the service itself (currently reduced to two people: an engineer and a secretary) have had, nor currently have, the slightest minimal scientific expertise to address these questions, and nothing indicates that the situation might change in the future.

Why have things evolved this way?

The answer is simple. Behind the UFO phenomenon lies a very disturbing hypothesis: the intrusion of visitors from other systems than our own. For decades, scientists have adopted a geocentric skepticism, preferring the hypothesis that life could not appear or organize anywhere other than on Earth. Many astronomers still doubt the existence of planetary systems other than our own.

But recent observations have revealed the existence of the famous exoplanets, the number of which exceeds four hundred to date (May 2010). These observations concern relatively close systems, and even the most reluctant astronomers and astrophysicists now acknowledge that the universe must contain a fantastic number—beyond imagination—of planets capable of hosting life.

Observations suggest that the observable universe contains 100 billion stars, each surrounded by 100 billion planets, at least one million of which would host organized life.

This inevitable and progressive certainty has evident religious consequences for all monotheistic beliefs that claim universality. Even if some scientists, like Stephen Hawking (cited only as an example), eventually conclude that organized life necessarily exists elsewhere than on Earth, they temper their enthusiasm by adding "that this life would probably exist at a very primitive stage," which is fantastically absurd.

More than ever, the idea that Earth could be visited by extraterrestrials is an absolute taboo. In the scientific field, the question of UFOs is forbidden. On October 16 and 17, 2010, we plan to participate in an international symposium whose theme is "Astronomy-Space-UFOs." It would therefore be logical to expect the participation of astronomers. The organizer contacted professionals in this field, waiting for their contributions. But they replied:

- Okay, but only if you remove all references to UFOs.

One could not better express the taboo that surrounds this issue, after more than half a century. This taboo is explained by the extremely destabilizing nature of the idea of extraterrestrial visits, which would imply an immense scientific and technical superiority. This simple idea challenges our fundamental geocentrism and deeply questions our current scientific knowledge (according to which such travels would be physically impossible), as well as our religious beliefs.

Any form of thought is merely an organized system of beliefs. Therefore, science itself is structured like a religion. The word religion comes from the Latin religare, meaning "to bind." Societies are based on a common vision of things, whether it be religions, sciences, or the belief in the virtues of certain social, political, or economic systems. To question it is like removing the foundations that support the entire structure.

Unconsciously, human beings are perfectly aware of the danger of contact, because the most shocking phenomenon in human history is yet to come. In the past, brutal contacts have occurred between very different civilizations, such as between the pre-Columbian populations and the Spanish conquistadors. Entire social systems collapsed. Today, we almost daily witness a similar phenomenon, for example, with the inhabitants of the Amazon basin, and the corresponding term is ethnocide.

A contact between the inhabitants of Earth and beings from another planet inherently carries a risk of ethnocide. Precisely because our religious, scientific, political, and military systems subconsciously perceive the magnitude of this risk, these social groups develop rejection mechanisms, having the character of a psycho-socio-immunological reaction. Nothing should surprise us about this; on the contrary, it is highly predictable.

The problem is that this rejection mechanism is widespread among scientists, the only ones capable of conducting fruitful research on the subject. Without it, the mere collection of testimonies or the accumulation of photographs and films, as done by the French service for 33 years, constitutes a perfectly vain and sterile attitude.

Scientific Approaches to the UFO Phenomenon

  • Optical Data

The phenomenon takes many forms. The most common is its nocturnal manifestation as lights whose characteristics exclude:

- A natural phenomenon
- Objects or light sources corresponding to terrestrial technologies

A very logical and simple method to investigate such signals is to create a spectral image of the source using a diffraction grating.

Diffraction Grating Placed in Front of the Lens of a Digital Device

These gratings are plastic films with fine lines (usually 500 per millimeter). Purchased in large quantities, they cost only a few cents. The problem is that they should be widely distributed so that any observer, in any situation, can face the phenomenon.

The UFO-Science association offers these diffraction gratings. People who contact the association and send a symbolic contribution to cover shipping costs can receive the item. In two years, 3,000 gratings have been distributed by the association in 17 countries.

Visitors to the UFO-Science Association's Website

The implementation is very simple. Observers can place the grating in front of the lens of their camera or video camera. The source image is then transformed into a series of colored spots forming a spectrum, as illustrated in the following image.

Concentrated Light Source Transformed into a Spectrum by a Diffraction Grating

At UFO-Science, we have considered the possibility of integrating the grating into an adhesive cover, similar to those that the Japanese attach to their cameras to manipulate images.

Diffraction Grating Adapted to the Lens of a Mobile Phone Using an Adhesive Cover (UFO-Science)

Optics and spectroscopy professionals can analyze the spectra. At UFO-Science, we have the necessary skills. A spectral analysis revealing the presence of substances absent from the atmosphere would allow us to eliminate, based on the observation, any natural meteorological explanation of the phenomenon.

When witnesses observe a UFO, the light source, when photographed, can be mixed with other sources disturbing the spectral analysis (such as the light from projectors). Facing the phenomenon, the observer tends to zoom. But if he does not have a tripod, he is highly likely to lose the object. It is difficult to imagine that one day a witness will simultaneously have a digital device or a camera, a diffraction grating, and a tripod.

Another approach is to automate the search for UFO spectra. At UFO-Science, we have developed a system called UFOcatch.

The UFO-catch System: The Tracking Mount

It consists of two elements.

UFO-catch Schematic

A system equipped with a wide-angle lens allows a complete survey of the sky. The images are sent to the computer's memory. The system captures an image every tenth of a second. The successive pairs of images are stored and compared pixel by pixel. It becomes possible to detect any moving source (surveillance cameras work on the same principle). A filtering system, which can be parameterized at will, can eliminate, for example, sources such as meteors or airplane lights, etc.

When the computer system estimates, according to its parameters, that the source is worth tracking, a "mount" motorized fixes the optical system on this single source. An automatic zoom is then triggered. This first optical system records a visible image of the source, while a second records the spectrum. The latter is automatically analyzed and compared to a spectral database.

If two UFO-catch detection stations are operated simultaneously, separated by a certain distance, the system allows the complete three-dimensional trajectory of the object to be reconstructed and its speed estimated. If the source lands on the ground, the recording indicates the impact point.

Finally, it should be noted that this tracking system would also offer many services to astronomers in their search for meteorites.

The UFO-Science association cannot alone implement a system with a large number of UFO-catch detection stations. Therefore, it is looking for industrial partners, other associations, or benefactors to develop such a network.

  • Biological Data

In 1981, Professor Michel Bounias, a biologist at the National Institute of Agronomy in Avignon, was asked to analyze the traces left by a UFO landing, to corroborate the observation of a witness, accompanied by a mechanical imprint remaining on the ground. The method used was a dosage of the pigment composition of the plants by thin-layer chromatography.

This method is relatively simple and easy to reproduce.

Location and Collection of Samples
Appropriate Clothing for the Collection of Samples and Their Storage at Low Temperature in Dry Ice. The Temperature at Which the Samples Are Maintained Is Visible on the Container.
Complete Equipment for the Collection of Vegetal Samples
Intervention Team Transporting the Samples
Samples Stored at Low Temperature in Dry Ice

Here is the dosage of pigments by thin-layer chromatography:
Weighing of the Vegetal Sample
Grinding
Extraction of Biomolecules by Centrifugation
Deposition of the Biomolecules on the Silica Gel Plate, Ready to Be Immersed
Separation of the Biomolecules in the Solvent by Capillarity, at Different Speeds
Chromatogram Obtained
Analysis of the Chromatogram After Digitization and Processing by a Densitometry Software

By comparing the results with the densitometry profile of the vegetal sample (its "chromatographic signature"), it is possible to detect possible alterations, quantify them, and correlate them with the distance from the epicenter of the phenomenon. This was already done by Professor Michel Bounias, who died in 2003, during the study of the traces of the famous Trans-en-Provence case (France) in 1981, revealing a correlation of pigment alteration with a distance of 0.98.

Professor Michel Bounias in 1984.

Results of the Biological Analysis of a UFO Landing Trace by Professor Michel Bounias, 1981

The reconstruction of this technique was carried out in 2008 within the activities of the UFO-Science association, but it was quickly noted that, in the case of a new landing, it would be impossible to maintain an analysis infrastructure with its own funds. It is therefore evident that the analysis of ground traces must be an integral part of the study of the UFO phenomenon, with biological analysis being one step among many in a relatively wide set of examinations and tests.

On the Observed Trajectories

If UFOs are indeed material objects, the examination of witness testimonies or radar recordings frequently reveals supersonic, even hypersonic, speeds. This immediately raises a paradox, since these movements occur, with rare exceptions, without any noise. According to the laws of classical fluid mechanics, any object moving in a gas at supersonic speed generates a system of shock waves accompanied by very intense sound signals (the "sonic boom"). Thus, the observation of UFOs immediately raises the following question:

- Is it possible to move an object in the air at supersonic speed without generating a sonic boom or shock waves (and the associated turbulence)?

In 1976, two members of the association (J.P. Petit and M. Viton) demonstrated, through hydraulic experiments, that when a Laplace force field comes into play, it is possible to cancel the turbulence downstream of a cylindrical object.

Cylindrical MHD Accelerator. Upstream Suction, Turbulence Suppression Downstream

Since then, the first theoretical studies, based on a reformulation of the characteristic theory ("Mach waves") in the presence of a Laplace force field, have shown that this field can indeed prevent the formation of these waves. Those who know fluid mechanics know that in a supersonic regime, a flow can be associated with a system of Mach waves carrying pressure disturbances. It is precisely the crossing of these waves that generates the shock waves.

Calculation of the Distribution of "Characteristics" (Mach Waves) in a Supersonic Flow Around a Lenticular Profile. Their Accumulation Indicates the Zones of Shock Wave Generation.

Below is a schematic representation of the aerodynamic flow (two-dimensional) around a lenticular profile, as well as the emergence of two shock wave systems: at the front and the back of the profile. Between these waves are the Mach waves (characteristics).

Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow Around a Lenticular Profile, Accompanied by Its Two Shock Wave Systems. Between These Planes Are the Planes Representing the First Family of Mach Waves.

In the early 1980s, a doctoral student of Jean-Pierre Petit demonstrated that, under the effect of an appropriate Laplace force field, the parallelism of the characteristics could be preserved, thus implying the absence of shock waves.

Figure Excerpted from the Doctoral Thesis of Bertrand Lebrun.
A Laplace Force Field J × B Prevents the Characteristics from Crossing.
The Flow Comes from the Left. See reference 55

This is an important scientific result that arises from the simple consideration of the UFO phenomenon from a scientific angle and leads to a new and third fluid mechanics. Previously, there were:

- Subsonic Fluid Mechanics

- Supersonic Fluid Mechanics, with Shock Waves

The problems raised by the observation of UFOs have created an entirely new field of research:

-* Controlled MHD Fluid Mechanics, in which shock waves are eliminated, MHD opposing their formation.*

It is absolutely astonishing that such research, without known precedent, published in peer-reviewed journals (see below) and presented at international specialized conferences (Moscow 1983, Tsukuba 1987, Beijing 1991), far from being encouraged and praised, have instead been hindered, or even completely stopped in France at the end of the 1980s. This was not necessarily the consequence, at least in France, of the action of an army concerned with developing this technology secretly in order to obtain a hypersonic missile (which was not done), but rather the desire to keep "things under control."

We will conclude this brief note by adding that the problem of "MHD Disc Airliners" remains alive.

(1) J.P. Petit (1972). "Applications of the kinetic theory of gases to plasma physics and galactic dynamics." Doctoral Engineering Thesis, Aix-Marseille University, France.
(2) J.P. Petit (September 16–20, 1974). "Proceedings" within the framework of the International Conference on Spiral Galaxy Dynamics. Institute for Advanced Scientific Studies (IHES), Bures-sur-Yvette, France.
(3) J.P. Petit: "Is Supersonic Flight Possible?" Eighth International Conference on MHD Electric Power Generation. Moscow, 1983.
(4) J.P. Petit & B. Lebrun: "Shock Wave Cancellation in a Gas by the Action of the Lorentz Force." Ninth International Conference on MHD Electric Power Generation. Tsukuba, Japan, 1986.
(5) B. Lebrun & J.P. Petit: "Shock Wave Annihilation by MHD Action in Supersonic Flows. Quasi-One-Dimensional Stationary Analysis and Thermal Blocking." European Journal of Mechanics; B/Fluids, 8, n°2, pp.163–178, 1989.
(6) B. Lebrun & J.P. Petit: "Shock Wave Annihilation by MHD Action in Supersonic Flows. Stationary Two-Dimensional Non-Isentropic Analysis. Anti-Shock Criterion and Simulations in Shock Tubes for Isentropic Flows." European Journal of Mechanics, B/Fluids, 8, pp.307–326, 1989.
(7) B. Lebrun: "Theoretical Approach to the Suppression of Shock Waves Forming Around a Sharp Obstacle in an Ionized Argon Flow." Energy Thesis No. 233. University of Poitiers, France, 1990.
(8) B. Lebrun & J.P. Petit: "Theoretical Analysis of Shock Wave Annihilation by the Lorentz Force Field." International MHD Symposium, Beijing, 1990.
(9) New Type of MHD Converters (Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, September 15, 1975, t. 281, pp. 157–159).
(10) New Type of MHD Converters: Induction Machines (Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, February 28, 1977, t. 284, pp. 167–179).
(11) Enantiomorphic Universe with Opposite Time Arrows (Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, May 23, 1977, Série A., t. 263, pp. 1315–1318).
(12) Universe Interacting with Their Opposite Time Arrow (Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, June 6, 1977, Série A., t. 284, pp. 1413–1416).
(13) A.D. Sakharov (1982). "Collected Scientific Works" (trans. D. Ter Haar, D.V. Chudnovsky et al.). Marcel Dekker, New York. ISBN 0824717147.
(14) A.D. Sakharov (1984). "Scientific Works" (in French, trans. L. Michel, L.A. Rioual). Anthropos (Economica), Paris. ISBN 2715710909.
(15) A.D. Sakharov (1967). "CP Violation and Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe." ZhETF Pis’ma 5 (Trans. JETP Lett. 5, 24–27) (5): 32–35.
(16) A.D. Sakharov (1970). "A Multi-Layer Cosmological Model." Preprint. Moscow, Russia: Institute of Applied Mathematics.
(17) A.D. Sakharov (1972). "Topological Structure of Elementary Particles and CPT Asymmetry." Problems in Theoretical Physics, dedicated to the memory of I.E. Tamm. Nauka, Moscow, Russia.
(18) A.D. Sakharov (1980). "Cosmological Model of the Universe with Inversion of the Time Vector." ZhETF (Trans. JETP 52, 349–351) (79): 689–693.
(19) Hydraulic Simulation of Shock Wave Annihilation & Shock Wave Instability Suppression by Magnetic Confinement, Spiral Electric Currents with High Apparent Hall Parameter (8th International MHD Congress, Moscow 1983).
(20) J.P. Petit (1988). An Interpretation of a Cosmological Model with Variable Speed of Light. Modern Physics Letters A, 3 (16): 1527.
(21) J.P. Petit: An Interpretation of a Cosmological Model with Variable Speed of Light: The Interpretation of Redshifts (Modern Physics Letters A. Vol 3, N°18, December 1988, pp 1733–1744).
(22) J.P. Petit: Cosmological Model with Gauge and Variable Speed of Light. III: Comparison with Observational Data from Quasars (Modern Physics Letters A. Vol 4, N°23, December 1989, pp 2201–2210).
(23) Shock Wave Cancellation by the Lorentz Force Field with B. Lebrun (10th International MHD Congress, Beijing 1991).
(24) MHD Shock Wave Annihilation (International MHD Congress, Nuclear Energy Research (CEA), Cadarache, 1992).
(25) J.P. Petit (July 1994). The Missing Mass Problem. Il Nuovo Cimento B, 109: 697–710.
(26) J.P. Petit (1995). Cosmology of Twin Universes. Astrophysics and Space Science (226): 273–307.
(27) P. Midy; J.P. Petit (June 1989). Scale-Invariant Cosmology. The International Journal of Modern Physics D, 8: 271–280.
(28): J.P. Petit, F. Henry-Couannier; G. d’Agostini (2005). I – Matter, Antimatter and Geometry. II – The Twin Universe Model: A Solution to the Problem of Negative Energy Particles. III – The Twin Universe Model with Electric Charges and Matter-Antimatter Symmetry. Preprint. arXiv:0712.0067
(29): J.P. Petit; P. Midy, F. Landsheat (June 2001). Twin Matter vs Dark Matter in the Context of an International Conference on Astrophysics and Cosmology. "Where is the Matter?", Marseille, France.
(30): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (August 2007). Bigravity as an Interpretation of Cosmic Acceleration. International Meeting on Variational Techniques (CITV), translation: International Meeting on Variational Techniques. arXiv:0712.0067
(31): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (August 2007). Bigravity: A Bimetric Model of the Universe. Exact Nonlinear Solutions. Positive and Negative Gravitational Lenses. International Meeting on Variational Techniques (CITV), translation: International Meeting on Variational Techniques. arXiv:0801.1477
(32): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (August 2007). Bigravity: A Bimetric Model of the Universe with Variable Constants, Including VSL (Variable Speed of Light). International Meeting on Variational Techniques (CITV), translation: International Meeting on Variational Techniques. arXiv:0803.1362
(33): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (August 2007). "Bigravity: A Bimetric Model of the Universe. Very Large Structures." International Meeting on Variational Techniques (CITV), translation: International Meeting on Variational Techniques.
(34): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (August 2007). "Bigravity: A Bimetric Model of the Universe. Joint Gravitational Instabilities." International Meeting on Variational Techniques (CITV), translation: International Meeting on Variational Techniques.
(35): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (August 2007). "Bigravity: Spiral Structures." International Meeting on Variational Techniques (CITV), translation: International Meeting on Variational Techniques.
(36): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (September 12–15, 2008). Variable-Constant Bigravity Model (a Bimetric Universe Model. Interpretation of Cosmic Acceleration. In early times, a symmetry breaking is accompanied by a phase of variable speed of light, explaining the homogeneity of the primordial universe. The c(R) law is derived from a generalized evolving gauge process). 11th International Conference on Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory (PIRT XI), Imperial College, London.
(37): – Five-Dimensional Bigravity. New Topological Description of the Universe. J.P. Petit & G. D’Agostini. arXiv reference: http://arxiv.org/abs/0805.1423, May 9, 2008 (Mathematical Physics).
(38) J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, J.P. Caressa (July 24–30, 1968). "Theoretical and Experimental Study of Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in a Shock Tube in a Closed-Cycle MHD Generator" within the framework of the International Symposium on MHD Electric Power Generation. International Atomic Energy Agency, Warsaw, Poland. Proceedings 2: 745–750.
(39): J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, J.P. Caressa (July 24–30, 1968). "Electrical Characteristics of a Converter Using a Binary Mixture of Rare Gases with Non-Equilibrium Ionization" within the framework of the International Symposium on MHD Electric Power Generation. International Atomic Energy Agency, Warsaw, Poland. Proceedings 3.
(40): J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, D. Dufresne, J.P. Caressa (January 27, 1969). "Characteristics of a Faraday Linear Generator Using a Binary Mix of Rare Gases with Non-Equilibrium Ionization" (trans. Characteristics of a Faraday linear generator using a binary mix of rare gases, with non-equilibrium ionization). CRAS 268 (A): 245–247. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(41) J. Valensi; J.P. Petit (March 15, 1969). Theoretical and Experimental Study of Phenomena Accompanying the Non-Equilibrium Stage in a Closed-Cycle Generator (trans. Theoretical and experimental study of phenomena accompanying the non-equilibrium stage in a closed-cycle generator), Report 66-00-115, Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Aix-Marseille University, France.
(42): J.P. Petit; J. Valensi (April 14, 1969). "Theoretical Performances of a Faraday Generator with Non-Equilibrium Ionization" (trans. Theoretical performances of a Faraday generator with non-equilibrium ionization). CRAS 268 (A): 245–247. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(43): J.P. Petit (April 14, 1969). "Running Instability in a Hall Generator with Non-Equilibrium Ionization" (trans. Running instability in a Hall generator with non-equilibrium ionization). CRAS 268: 906–909.
(44): J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, D. Duresne, J.P. Caressa (January 27, 1969). "Electrical Characteristics of a Linear Generator Using a Binary Mix of Rare Gases with Non-Equilibrium Ionization" (trans. Electrical characteristics of a linear generator using a binary mix of rare gases, with non-equilibrium ionization). CRAS 268: 245–247.
(45): J.P. Petit; J. Valensi (September 1, 1969). "Growth Rate of Electrothermal Instability and Critical Hall Parameter in Closed-Cycle MHD Generators When Electron Mobility is Variable." CRAS 269: 365–367. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(46): B. Forestier; B. Fontaine, P. Bournot, P. Parraud (July 20, 1970). "Study of Aerodynamic Parameter Variations in Ionized Argon Subjected to Laplacian Acceleration Forces." CRAS 271: 198–201. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(47): J.P. Petit (March 10, 1972). "Applications of the Kinetic Theory of Gases to Plasma Physics and Galactic Dynamics" (trans. Applications of the kinetic theory of gases to plasma physics and galactic dynamics). Doctoral Thesis in Sciences, CNRS No. 6717, University of Provence, Aix-Marseille, France.
(48): J.P. Petit; M. Larini (May 1974). "Transport Phenomena in a Partially Ionized Gas Out of Equilibrium Placed in a Magnetic Field." Journal of Engineering, Physics and Thermophysics 26 (5): 641–652.
(49): J.P. Petit; J.S. Darrozes (April 1975). "A New Formulation of the Equations of Motion of an Ionized Gas in a Collision-Dominated Regime" (trans. New formulation of the equations of motion of an ionized gas in collision dominated regime), Journal de Mécanique 14 (4): 745–759, France.
(50): J.P. Petit (September 15, 1975). "New MHD Converters" (trans. New MHD converters). CRAS 281 (11): 157–160. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(51): J.P. Petit; M. Viton (February 28, 1977). "New MHD Converters: Induction Machines" (trans. New MHD converters: induction machines). CRAS 284: 167–179. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
15 J.P. Petit (1979). "Perspectives in Magnetohydrodynamics." CNRS Technical Report for CNES.
16 J.P. Petit; M. Billiotte, M. Viton (October 6, 1980). "Spiral-Current Accelerators" (trans. Magnetohydrodynamics: Spiral-current accelerators). CRAS 291 (5): 129–131. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(52): J.P. Petit; M. Billiotte (May 4, 1981). "Method for Eliminating the Velikhov Instability" (trans. Method for eliminating the Velikhov instability). CRAS 292 (II): 1115–1118. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(53): J.P. Petit (September 1983). "Velikhov Instability Suppression by Magnetic Confinement" in the 8th International Conference on MHD Electric Power Generation. Proceedings, Moscow, Russia.
(55): J.P. Petit (September 1983). "Spiral Electric Currents with High Apparent Hall Parameter for Confinement" in the 8th International Conference on MHD Electric Power Generation. Proceedings, Moscow, Russia.
(54): B. Lebrun [supervised by J.P. Petit] (1987). "Theoretical Study of Shock Wave Annihilation Around a Flat Wing in Hot Supersonic Argon Flow with Lorentz Forces" (trans. Theoretical study of shock wave annihilation around a flat wing in hot supersonic argon flow with Lorentz forces). Doctoral Engineering Thesis, Aix-Marseille University; and Journal de Mécanique, France.
(55): J.P. Petit; B. Lebrun (1989). "Shock Wave Annihilation by MHD Action in Supersonic Flows. Quasi-One-Dimensional Stationary Analysis and Thermal Blocking." European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 8 (2): 163–178.
(56): J.P. Petit; B. Lebrun (1989). "Shock Wave Annihilation by MHD Action in Supersonic Flows. Stationary Two-Dimensional Non-Isentropic Analysis. Anti-Shock Criterion and Simulations in Shock Tubes for Isentropic Flows." European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 8 (4): 307–326.
(57): J.P. Petit; B. Lebrun (October 1992). "Theoretical Analysis of Shock Wave Annihilation by the MHD Force Field" in the 11th International Conference on MHD Electric Power Generation. Beijing, China. Proceedings III, Part 9 – Fluid Dynamics, art.4: 748–753.
(58): J.P. Petit; J. Geffray (September 22–26, 2008). "MHD Control of Hypersonic Flows" in the 2nd Euro-Asian Conference on Pulsed Technologies (EAPPC2008), Vilnius, Lithuania; and in Acta Physica Polonica A 115 (6): 1149–11513 (June 2009).
(59): J.P. Petit; J. Geffray (September 22–26, 2008). "Wall Confinement Technique by Inversion of the Magnetic Gradient. Accelerators Combining Induction Effect and Pulsed Ionization. Applications." in the 2nd Euro-Asian Conference on Pulsed Technologies

Optical and spectroscopic professionals can analyze spectra. At UFO-Science, we have personnel with this expertise. Spectral analysis, when revealing substances absent from the atmosphere, would allow ruling out, based on the observation, any attribution of the phenomenon to a natural meteorological cause.

When witnesses encounter the UFO phenomenon, the light source, when photographed, may be mixed with other sources disturbing spectral analysis (such as streetlight). Facing the phenomenon, the observer might be tempted to zoom in. But if they lack a tripod, the chances are high they will lose the object. It is difficult to imagine that one day a witness would possess a digital device or a camera-scope, a diffraction grating, and a tripod.

Another approach consists of automating the search for UFO spectra. At UFO-Science, we have developed a system called UFOcatch.

The UFO-catch System: The Research Support

It consists of two components.

UFO-catch Diagram

A system with a fisheye lens enables full-sky observation. Images are sent to computer memory. The system captures an image every tenth of a second. Successive pairs of images are sent to memory and compared pixel by pixel. This makes it possible to detect any moving source (security cameras also operate on this principle). A filtering system intervenes and can be freely parameterized, allowing the elimination of sources such as meteors or airplane lights, etc.

When the computer system determines, based on its parameters, that the source merits tracking, a "motorized support" locks the optical system onto that single source. An automatic zoom is then performed. This first optical system records an optical image of the source while a second one records the spectrum. The latter is automatically analyzed and compared to a spectral database.

If two UFO-catch detection stations are operated together, separated by a certain distance, the system enables full 3D trajectory observation of the object and estimation of its speed. If the source touches the ground, the recording indicates the contact point.

Note also that this tracking system would offer numerous benefits to astronomers in their search for meteorites.

The UFO-Science association cannot alone operate a system with a large number of UFO-catch detection stations. Therefore, it is seeking industrial partners, other collaborators, or philanthropists to develop such a network.

  • Biological Data

In 1981, Professor Michel Bounias, biologist at the National Institute of Agronomy in Avignon, was tasked with analyzing traces from a UFO landing to corroborate a witness's observation and a mechanical imprint remaining on the ground. The method used consisted of pigment composition analysis of plants via thin-layer chromatography.

This method is relatively simple and easy to reproduce.

Sample Collection and Location

Sample Handling and Storage at Low Temperature in Dry Ice.
The temperature at which samples are maintained is visible on the container

Complete Equipment for Plant Sample Collection

Intervention Team Carrying Samples

Samples Stored at Low Temperature in Dry Ice

Here is the pigment dosage via thin-layer chromatography:

Weighing of the Plant Sample

Grinding

Biomolecule Extraction by Centrifugation

Deposition of Biomolecules on a Silica Gel Plate, ready to be immersed in Solvent

Separation of Biomolecules in Solvent by Capillarity at Different Speeds

Obtained Chromatogram

Chromatogram Analysis After Digitization and Processing by a Densitometry Software

By comparing the results with the densitometric profile of the plant sample (its "chromatographic signature"), it becomes possible to detect, quantify, and correlate any alterations with distance from the center of the phenomenon.
This was already done by Professor Michel Bounias, who passed away in 2003, during the study of traces from the famous Trans-en-Provence case (France) in 1981, revealing a pigment alteration correlation of 0.98 with distance.

Professor Michel Bounias in 1984.

Results of Biological Analysis of UFO Landing Traces by Professor Michel Bounias, 1981

The reconstruction of this technique was carried out in 2008 within the activities of the UFO-Science association, but it was quickly realized that, in case of a new landing, maintaining an analysis infrastructure with only own funds would be impossible. Consequently, it is evident that soil trace analysis must be an integral part of UFO phenomenon studies, with biological analysis being just one step among many examinations and tests.

On Observed Trajectories

If UFOs are truly physical objects, examining witness testimonies or radar recordings frequently reveals supersonic, even hypersonic speeds, immediately raising a paradox, as these movements occur—rare exceptions aside—without any sound. According to classical fluid mechanics laws, an object moving through a gas at supersonic speed generates a shock wave system accompanied by very strong sound signals (the "sonic boom"). Thus, the observation of UFOs immediately raises the following question:

- Is it possible to move an object through air at supersonic speed without producing a sonic boom or shock waves (and their associated wake turbulence)?

In 1976, two members of the association (J.P. Petit and M. Viton) demonstrated, through hydraulic experiments, that in the presence of a Laplace force field, it was possible to cancel the wake turbulence behind a cylindrical object.

Cylindrical MHD Accelerator. Upstream Suction, Suppression of Wake Turbulence Downstream

Since then, the first theoretical works, based on a reformulation of characteristic theory ("Mach waves") in the presence of a Laplace force field, have shown that indeed this field could prevent the formation of these waves. Those familiar with fluid mechanics know that in supersonic flow, an airflow can be associated with a system of Mach waves transporting pressure disturbances. It is the intersection of these waves that creates shock waves.

Calculation of the Distribution of "Characteristics" (Mach Waves) in Supersonic Flow Around a Lens Profile.
Their Accumulation Indicates Shock Wave Generation Locations.

Here is a schematic representation of the two-dimensional flow around a lens profile, and the emergence of two shock wave systems: at the leading edge and trailing edge of the profile. Between these waves, Mach waves (characteristics).

Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow Around a Lens Profile, Accompanied by Its Two Shock Wave Systems.
Between These Planes, The Planes Represent the First Family of Mach Waves.

In the early 1980s, a doctoral student of Jean-Pierre Petit showed that under the action of an appropriate Laplace force field, the parallelism of characteristics could be preserved, thus implying the absence of shock waves.

Figure extracted from Bertrand Lebrun’s doctoral thesis.
A Laplace force field J × B Prevents Characteristics from Crossing.
Flow comes from the left. See reference 55

This is an important scientific result that arises simply from considering the UFO phenomenon from a scientific perspective, leading to a new and third fluid mechanics: we had:

- Subsonic Fluid Mechanics

- Supersonic Fluid Mechanics, with Shock Waves

The problems raised by UFO observations have created an entirely new research field:

- "MHD-Controlled Fluid Mechanics," in which shock waves are eliminated, MHD opposing their formation.

It is absolutely astonishing that such research, unprecedented in known history, published in peer-reviewed journals (see below) and presented at specialized international conferences (Moscow 1983, Tsukuba 1987, Beijing 1991), far from being encouraged and acclaimed, were instead opposed and even completely halted in France by the end of the 1980s. This was not necessarily due to the action of an army concerned with secretly developing this technology to achieve a hypersonic missile (which was never realized), but rather the desire to "keep things under control."

We conclude this brief note by adding that the problem of "MHD Disk Aerodynamics" remains alive and productive, having presented recent communications at two international scientific workshops (2008 and 2009) as well as three articles in a high-level peer-reviewed journal. These problems have led to genuine discoveries in non-equilibrium plasma physics (magnetic wall confinement technique by inversion of the magnetic gradient field).

Wall Confinement Due to Magnetic Gradient Inversion. See reference 61 (International AIAA Conference, Bremen, 20109)

These researches, situated at the pinnacle of specialization (MHD and non-equilibrium plasma physics), will continue with a scandalously inadequate funding.

The Interstellar Travel Problem

The hypothesis of extraterrestrial incursions immediately raises the delicate question of how to traverse the vast distances separating us from the nearest stars—distances ten thousand times greater than the size of our solar system.

Rather than contradicting the consequences of Special Relativity, with its fundamental speed limit relative to light—consequences that correspond to a geometric requirement (in classical SR, trying to go faster than light is like trying to descend deeper into a sphere than its center)—it is better to consider SR principles within a broader context.

The researchers at UFO-Science have resumed and extended the work of Andrei Sakharov. An important body of work has been accomplished over the past 35 years, accompanied by scientific publications in high-level journals and presentations at international conferences. The entire effort has been designated under the name "Twin Universe Theory," borrowing the term introduced by the Soviet academician. Today, it has been reformulated as "bimetric," a universe in which, to go from point A to point B, two paths can exist corresponding to opposite times. Once again, the UFO phenomenon imposes itself with a powerful and stimulating scientific impulse as a source of new ideas at a time when astrophysics and cosmology are facing a serious crisis and refuse to exploit this paradigmatic knowledge for their benefit.

Exploitation of Unidentified Source Documents

To be complete, another source of information in the form of letters signed by individuals claiming to be extraterrestrials should be mentioned—the famous "Ummo dossier." This is a highly controversial and polemical subject, and many people seek to deny the scientific quality of the knowledge contained in these letters. We will not elaborate further here and merely note that in these texts, for the first time in 1967, appeared the idea that the speed of light might have varied during cosmic evolution—an idea later taken up and developed by Jean-Pierre Petit in 1988–1989, see (8), (9), (10), (11), (14), (15).

Conclusion

The above considerations show that the scientific community should take interest in the UFO dossier, and that the scientific clues it contains are numerous, real, and revolutionary for the fields of fluid mechanics, cosmology, and mathematical physics. Continuing along these lines is the goal of the UFO-Science association. It is time to remove this dossier from the ghetto of pseudosciences and folklore and place it among the great scientific problems of our era.

References

(1) J.P. Petit (1972). « Applications of kinetic gas theory to plasma physics and galaxy dynamics ». Doctoral Thesis in Engineering, Aix-Marseille University, France.
(2) J.P. Petit (September 16–20, 1974). « Proceedings » of the International Meeting on Spiral Galaxy Dynamics. Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES), Bures-sur-Yvette, France.
(3) J.P. Petit: « Is Supersonic Flight Possible? » Eighth International Conference on MHD Electric Power Generation. Moscow, 1983.
(4) J.P. Petit & B. Lebrun: « Annihilation of shock waves in a gas by the action of the Lorentz force ». Ninth International Conference on MHD Electric Power Generation. Tsukuba, Japan, 1986.
(5) B. Lebrun & J.P. Petit: « Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Quasi-one-dimensional steady analysis and thermal blocking ». European Journal of Mechanics; B/Fluids, 8, n°2, pp. 163–178, 1989.
(6) B. Lebrun & J.P. Petit: « Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Stationary two-dimensional non-isentropic analysis. Anti-shock criterion, and shock tube simulations for isentropic flows ». European Journal of Mechanics, B/Fluids, 8, pp. 307–326, 1989.
(7) B. Lebrun: « Theoretical approach to the suppression of shock waves forming around a sharp obstacle placed in an ionized argon flow ». Thesis in Energy Engineering No. 233. University of Poitiers, France, 1990.
(8) B. Lebrun & J.P. Petit: « Theoretical analysis of shock wave annihilation by a Lorentz force field ». International Symposium on MHD, Beijing, 1990.
(9) New type of MHD converters (Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, September 15, 1975, t. 281, pp. 157–159) translated as New MHD Converters.
(10) New type of MHD converters. Induction device with Maurice Viton (Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, February 28, 1977, t. 284, pp. 167–179) translated as New MHD Converters: Induction Machines.
(11) Enantiomorphic universes with opposite proper times (Enantiomorphic universes with opposite time arrows). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, May 23, 1977, Série A, t. 263, pp. 1315–1318.
(12) Universes interacting with their mirror image in the time mirror (Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, June 6, 1977, Série A, t. 284, pp. 1413–1416) translated as Interacting universes with opposite time arrows.
(13) A.D. Sakharov (1982). « Collected Scientific Works » (trans. D. Ter Haar, D.V. Chudnovsky et al.). Marcel Dekker, NY. ISBN 0824717147.
(14) A.D. Sakharov (1984). « Scientific Works » (in French, trans. L. Michel, L.A. Rioual). Anthropos (Economica), Paris. ISBN 2715710909.
(15) A.D. Sakharov (1967). « Violation of CP and baryon asymmetry of the Universe ». ZhETF Pis'ma 5 (trans. JETP Lett. 5, 24–27) (5): 32–35.
(16) A.D. Sakharov (1970). « Multilayer cosmological model ». Preprint. Moscow, Russia: Institute of Applied Mathematics.
(17) A.D. Sakharov (1972). « Topological structure of elementary particles and CPT asymmetry ». Problems in Theoretical Physics, dedicated to the memory of I.E. Tamm. Nauka, Moscow, Russia.
(18) A.D. Sakharov (1980). « Cosmological model of the Universe with inversion of the time vector ». ZhETF (trans. JETP 52, 349–351) (79): 689–693.
(19) Hydraulic simulation of shock wave annihilation & Shock wave suppression by magnetic confinement, spiral electric currents with high apparent Hall parameter and confinement (8th International MHD Conference, Moscow, 1983).
(20) J.P. Petit (1988). An interpretation of the variable speed of light cosmological model. Modern Physics Letters A, 3 (16): 1527.
(21) J.P. Petit: An interpretation of the variable speed of light cosmological model: The interpretation of redshifts (Modern Physics Letters A. Vol 3, N°18, December 1988, pp 1733–1744).
(22) J.P. Petit: Gauge cosmological model with variable speed of light. III: Comparison with observational data from QSOs (Modern Physics Letters A. Vol 4, N°23, December 1989, pp 2201–2210).
(23) Shock wave annihilation by Lorentz force field with B. Lebrun (10th International MHD Conference, Beijing, 1991).
(24) MHD shock wave annihilation (International MHD Conference, Nuclear Energy Research (CEA), Cadarache, 1992).
(25) J.P. Petit (July 1994). The missing mass problem. Il Nuovo Cimento B, 109: 697–710.
(26) J.P. Petit (1995). Cosmology of twin universes. Astrophysics and Space Science (226): 273–307.
(27) P. Midy; J.P. Petit (June 1989). Scale-invariant cosmology. The International Journal of Modern Physics D, 8: 271–280.
(28) J.P. Petit, F. Henry-Couannier; G. d'Agostini (2005). I- Matter, antimatter and geometry. II- The twin universe model: A solution to the problem of negative energy particles. III- The twin universe model plus electric charges and matter-antimatter symmetry. Preprint. arXiv:0712.0067
(29) J.P. Petit; P. Midy, F. Landsheat (June 2001). Twin matter versus dark matter at the International Conference on Astrophysics and Cosmology. « Where is the matter? », Marseille, France.
(30) J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (August 2007). Bigravity as an interpretation of cosmic acceleration. International Colloquium on Variational Techniques CITV, trans. International Conference on Variational Techniques. arXiv:0712.0067
(31) J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (August 2007). Bigravity: A bimetric model of the Universe. Exact nonlinear solutions. Positive and negative gravitational lenses. International Colloquium on Variational Techniques CITV, trans. International Conference on Variational Techniques. arXiv:0801.1477
(32) J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (August 2007). Bigravity: A bimetric model of the Universe with variable constants, including VSL (variable speed of light). International Colloquium on Variational Techniques CITV, trans. International Conference on Variational Techniques. arXiv:0803.1362
(33) J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (August 2007). « Bigravity: A bimetric model of the Universe. Very large structures ». International Colloquium on Variational Techniques CITV, trans. International Conference on Variational Techniques.
(34) J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (August 2007). « Bigravity: A bimetric model of the Universe. Joint gravitational instabilities ». International Colloquium on Variational Techniques CITV, trans. International Conference on Variational Techniques.
(35) J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (August 2007). « Bigravity: Spiral structure ». International Colloquium on Variational Techniques CITV, trans. International Conference on Variational Techniques.
(36) J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (September 12–15, 2008). Variable constants bigravity model (a bimetric model of the Universe. Interpretation of cosmic acceleration. At an early stage, a symmetry breaking is accompanied by a variable speed of light era, explaining the homogeneity of the primordial universe. The c(R) law is derived from a generalized gauge process). 11th International Conference on Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory (PIRT XI), Imperial College, London.
(37) - Five-dimensional bigravity. New topological description of the Universe. J.P. Petit & G. D'Agostini. arXiv reference: http://arxiv.org/abs/0805.1423, May 9, 2008 (mathematical physics)
(38) J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, J.P. Caressa (July 24–30, 1968). « Theoretical and experimental study in shock tubes of non-equilibrium phenomena in a closed-cycle MHD generator » in the International Symposium on MHD Electric Power Generation. International Atomic Energy Agency, Warsaw, Poland. Proceedings 2: 745–750.
(39) J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, J.P. Caressa (July 24–30, 1968). « Electrical characteristics of a converter using a binary mixture of rare gases with non-equilibrium ionization » in the International Symposium on MHD Electric Power Generation. International Atomic Energy Agency, Warsaw, Poland. Proceedings 3.
(40) J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, D. Dufresne, J.P. Caressa (January 27, 1969). « Characteristics of a linear Faraday generator using a binary mixture of rare gases with non-equilibrium ionization » (trans. « Characteristics of a linear Faraday generator using a binary mixture of rare gases with non-equilibrium ionization »). CRAS 268 (A): 245–247. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(41) J. Valensi; J.P. Petit (March 15, 1969). Theoretical and experimental study of phenomena accompanying the departure from equilibrium in a closed-cycle generator (trans. « Theoretical and experimental study of phenomena accompanying the non-equilibrium state in a closed-cycle generator »), Report 66-00-115, Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Aix-Marseille University, France.
(42) J.P. Petit; J. Valensi (April 14, 1969). « Theoretical performance of a Faraday-type generator with non-equilibrium ionization » (trans. « Theoretical performance of a Faraday generator with non-equilibrium ionization »). CRAS 268 (A): 245–247. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(43) J.P. Petit (April 14, 1969). « Regime instability in a Hall generator with non-equilibrium ionization » (trans. « Operational instability in a Hall generator with non-equilibrium ionization »). CRAS 268: 906–909
(44) J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, D. Duresne, J.P. Caressa (January 27, 1969). « Electrical characteristics of a linear Faraday generator using a binary mixture of rare gases with non-equilibrium ionization » (trans. « Electrical characteristics of a linear generator using a binary mixture of rare gases with non-equilibrium ionization »). CRAS 268: 245–247
(45) J.P. Petit; J. Valensi (September 1, 1969). « Growth rate of electrothermal instability and critical Hall parameter in closed-cycle MHD generators when electron mobility is variable ». CRAS 269: 365–367. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(46) B. Forestier; B. Fontaine, P. Bournot, P. Parraud (July 20, 1970). « Study of variations in aerodynamic flow parameters of ionized argon subjected to Laplacian accelerating forces ». CRAS 271: 198–201. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(47) J.P. Petit (March 10, 1972). « Applications of kinetic gas theory to plasma physics and galaxy dynamics » (trans. « Applications of kinetic gas theory to plasma physics and galaxy dynamics »). Doctoral Thesis in Sciences, CNRS #6717, University of Provence, Aix-Marseille, France.
(48) J.P. Petit; M. Larini (May 1974). « Transport phenomena in a partially ionized gas out of equilibrium placed in a magnetic field ». Journal of Engineering, Physics and Thermophysics 26 (5): 641–652.
(49) J.P. Petit; J.S. Darrozes (April 1975). « A new formulation of the equations of motion of an ionized gas in a regime dominated by collisions » (trans. « New formulation of the equations of motion of an ionized gas in a regime dominated by collisions »), Journal de Mécanique 14 (4): 745–759, France.
(50) J.P. Petit (September 15, 1975). « New type of MHD converters » (trans. « New MHD converters »). CRAS 281 (11): 157–160. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(51) J.P. Petit; M. Viton (February 28, 1977). « New type of MHD converters. Induction devices » (trans. New MHD converters: induction machines). CRAS 284: 167–179. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
15 J.P. Petit (1979). « Perspectives on magnetohydrodynamics ». CNRS Technical Report on behalf of CNES.
16 J.P. Petit; M. Billiotte, M. Viton (October 6, 1980). « Spiral current accelerator » (trans. « Magnetohydrodynamics: Spiral current accelerators »). CRAS 291 (5): 129–131. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(52) J.P. Petit; M. Billiotte (May 4, 1981). « Method for suppressing Velikhov instability » (trans. « Method for eliminating Velikhov instability »). CRAS 292 (II): 1115–1118. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(53) J.P. Petit (September 1983). « Suppression of Velikhov instability by magnetic confinement » in the 8th International Conference on MHD Electric Power Generation. Proceedings, Moscow, Russia.
(55) J.P. Petit (September 1983). « Spiral electric currents with high apparent Hall parameter confinement » in the 8th International Conference on MHD Electric Power Generation. Proceedings, Moscow, Russia.
(54) B. Lebrun [supervised by J.P. Petit] (1987). « Theoretical approach to the suppression of shock waves forming around a sharp obstacle placed in a supersonic flow of ionized argon using Laplace forces » (trans. « Theoretical study of shock wave annihilation around a flat plate in a hot supersonic argon flow with Lorentz forces ». Doctoral Engineer Thesis, Aix-Marseille University; & Journal of Mechanics, France.
(55) J.P. Petit; B. Lebrun (1989). « Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Quasi-one-dimensional steady analysis and thermal blocking ». European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 8 (2): 163–178.
(56) J.P. Petit; B. Lebrun (1989). « Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Two-dimensional steady non-isentropic analysis. Anti-shock criterion, and shock tube simulations for isentropic flows ». European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 8 (4): 307–326.
(57) J.P. Petit; B. Lebrun (October 1992). « Theoretical analysis of shock wave annihilation with an MHD force field » in the 11th International Conference on MHD Electric Power Generation. Beijing, China. Proceedings III, Part.9- Fluid Dynamics, art

Since then, the first theoretical studies, based on a reformulation of the theory of characteristics ("Mach waves") in the presence of a Laplace force field, have shown that this field could indeed prevent the formation of such waves. Those familiar with fluid mechanics know that in a supersonic regime, a flow can be associated with a system of Mach waves carrying pressure disturbances. It is precisely the intersection of these waves that generates shock waves.

Calculation of the distribution of "characteristics" (Mach waves) in a supersonic flow around a lens-shaped profile. Their accumulation indicates the zones of shock wave generation.

Below is a schematic representation of the two-dimensional aerodynamic flow around a lens-shaped profile, along with the emergence of two shock wave systems: one at the front and one at the back of the profile. Between these waves lie the Mach waves (characteristics).

Two-dimensional supersonic flow around a lens-shaped profile, accompanied by its two shock wave systems. Between these planar waves lie planes representing the first family of Mach waves.

In the early 1980s, a doctoral student of Jean-Pierre Petit demonstrated that, under the influence of an appropriate Laplace force field, the parallelism of characteristics could be preserved, thereby implying the absence of shock waves.

Figure extracted from the doctoral thesis of Bertrand Lebrun.
A Laplace force field J × B prevents characteristics from intersecting.
The flow comes from the left. See reference 55

This is an important scientific result that arises simply from considering the UFO phenomenon from a scientific perspective, leading to a new and third kind of fluid mechanics. Previously, there were:

  • Subsonic fluid mechanics
  • Supersonic fluid mechanics, with shock waves

The problems raised by UFO observations have created an entirely new field of research:

  • "MHD-controlled" fluid mechanics, in which shock waves are eliminated, as MHD opposes their formation.

It is absolutely astonishing that such unprecedented research—published in peer-reviewed journals (see below) and presented at specialized international conferences (Moscow 1983, Tsukuba 1987, Beijing 1991)—has not been encouraged or recognized, but rather hindered, even completely halted in France by the end of the 1980s. This was not necessarily due to the actions of a military eager to secretly develop this technology for an hypersonic missile (which was never done), but rather a desire to keep "things under control."

We conclude this brief note by adding that the problem of "MHD disk aerodynamics" remains alive and productive, leading to recent presentations at two international scientific conferences (2008 and 2009) and three articles in high-level peer-reviewed journals. These problems have led to genuine discoveries in non-equilibrium plasma physics (a technique of wall confinement via magnetic gradient inversion).

Wall confinement due to magnetic gradient inversion. See reference 61 (International AIAA Congress, Bremen, 2009)

These researches, situated at the pinnacle of their specialty (MHD and non-equilibrium plasma physics), will continue with scandalously inadequate funding.

The Problem of Interstellar Travel

The hypothesis of extraterrestrial incursions immediately raises the delicate question of how to traverse the immense distances separating us from the nearest stars—distances ten thousand times greater than the size of our solar system.

Rather than contradicting the consequences of Special Relativity, with its fundamental speed limit relative to light—which corresponds to a geometric requirement (in classical SR, wanting to go faster than light is equivalent to wanting to descend deeper into a sphere than its center)—it is better to consider the principles of SR within a broader context.

UFO researchers have revived and extended the work of Andrei Sakharov. A substantial amount of research has been conducted over the past 35 years, accompanied by scientific publications in high-level journals and presentations at international conferences. The entire body of work has been designated under the name "Theory of Twin Universes," borrowing the term introduced by the Soviet academician. Today, it has been reformulated as "bimetric theory," a universe in which two paths may exist between point A and point B, corresponding to opposite times. Once again, the UFO phenomenon asserts itself with remarkable scientific power and stimulation, offering new ideas at a time when astrophysics and cosmology are facing a serious crisis and refuse to exploit this paradigmatic knowledge.

The Exploitation of Unidentified Origin Documents

To be complete, another source of information in the form of letters signed by individuals claiming to be extraterrestrials should be mentioned—the famous Ummo dossier. This is a highly controversial and polemical subject, and many people seek to deny the scientific quality of the knowledge contained in these letters. We will not elaborate further here, but mention only that, for the first time in 1967, these texts introduced the idea that the speed of light might have varied during cosmic evolution—an idea later taken up and developed by Jean-Pierre Petit in 1988–1989 (see references 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15).

Conclusion

The above considerations show that the scientific community should take interest in the UFO dossier, as it contains numerous, real, and revolutionary scientific clues for fluid mechanics, cosmology, and mathematical physics. Continuing along these lines is the goal of the UFO-Science association. It is time to remove this dossier from the marginalization of pseudosciences and folklore, and place it among the major scientific challenges of our era.

References

(1) J.P. Petit (1972). "Applications of the kinetic theory of gases to plasma physics and galactic dynamics." Doctoral thesis in engineering, Aix-Marseille University, France.
(2) J.P. Petit (16–20 September 1974). "Proceedings" within the framework of the international conference on spiral galaxy dynamics. Institute for Advanced Scientific Studies (IHES), Bures-sur-Yvette, France.
(3) J.P. Petit: "Is supersonic flight possible?" Eighth International Conference on MHD Electric Generation. Moscow, 1983.
(4) J.P. Petit & B. Lebrun: "Shock wave cancellation in a gas by the action of the Lorentz force." Ninth International Conference on MHD Electric Generation. Tsukuba, Japan, 1986.
(5) B. Lebrun & J.P. Petit: "Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Quasi-one-dimensional stationary analysis and thermal blocking." European Journal of Mechanics; B/Fluids, 8, n°2, pp. 163–178, 1989.
(6) B. Lebrun & J.P. Petit: "Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Stationary two-dimensional non-isentropic analysis. Anti-shock criterion and simulations in shock tubes for isentropic flows." European Journal of Mechanics, B/Fluids, 8, pp. 307–326, 1989.
(7) B. Lebrun: "Theoretical approach to the suppression of shock waves forming around a sharp obstacle in an ionized argon flow." Thesis in Energy Engineering n°233. University of Poitiers, France, 1990.
(8) B. Lebrun & J.P. Petit: "Theoretical analysis of shock wave annihilation by the Lorentz force field." International MHD Symposium, Beijing, 1990.
(9) New type of MHD converters (Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, 15 September 1975, t. 281, pp. 157–159) translated: New MHD converters.
(10) New type of MHD converters. Induction apparatus with Maurice Viton (Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, 28 February 1977, t. 284, pp. 167–179) translated: New MHD converters: induction machines.
(11) Enantiomorphic universes with opposite time arrows (Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, 23 May 1977, Série A., t. 263, pp. 1315–1318).
(12) Interacting universes with their mirror image in the time mirror (Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, 6 June 1977, Série A., t. 284, pp. 1413–1416) translated: Universes interacting with their opposite time arrow.
(13) A.D. Sakharov (1982). "Collected Scientific Works" (tr. D. Ter Haar, D.V. Chudnovsky et al.). Marcel Dekker, New York. ISBN 0824717147.
(14) A.D. Sakharov (1984). "Scientific Works" (in French, tr. L. Michel, L.A. Rioual). Anthropos (Economica), Paris. ISBN 2715710909.
(15) A.D. Sakharov (1967). "CP violation and baryon asymmetry of the Universe." ZhETF Pis’ma 5 (Tr. JETP Lett. 5, 24–27) (5): 32–35.
(16) A.D. Sakharov (1970). "A multi-layered cosmological model." Preprint. Moscow, Russia: Institute of Applied Mathematics.
(17) A.D. Sakharov (1972). "Topological structure of elementary particles and CPT asymmetry." Problems in theoretical physics, dedicated to the memory of I.E. Tamm. Nauka, Moscow, Russia.
(18) A.D. Sakharov (1980). "Cosmological model of the Universe with inversion of the time vector." ZhETF (Tr. JETP 52, 349–351) (79): 689–693.
(19) Hydraulic simulation of shock wave annihilation & Annihilation of Velikhov instability by magnetic confinement, spiral electric currents with high apparent Hall parameter (8th International MHD Congress, Moscow 1983).
(20) J.P. Petit (1988). An interpretation of a cosmological model with variable speed of light. Modern Physics Letters A, 3 (16): 1527.
(21) J.P. Petit: An interpretation of a cosmological model with variable speed of light: the interpretation of redshifts (Modern Physics Letters A. Vol 3, N°18, December 1988, pp 1733–1744).
(22) J.P. Petit: Cosmological model with gauge and variable speed of light. III: Comparison with observational data from quasars (Modern Physics Letters A. Vol 4, N°23, December 1989, pp 2201–2210).
(23) Shock wave cancellation by the Lorentz force field with B. Lebrun (10th International MHD Congress, Beijing 1991).
(24) MHD shock wave cancellation (International MHD Conference, Nuclear Energy Research (CEA), Cadarache, 1992).
(25) J.P. Petit (July 1994). The missing mass problem. Il Nuovo Cimento B, 109: 697–710.
(26) J.P. Petit (1995). Cosmology of twin universes. Astrophysics and Space Science (226): 273–307.
(27) P. Midy; J.P. Petit (June 1989). Scale-invariant cosmology. The International Journal of Modern Physics D, 8: 271–280.
(28): J.P. Petit, F. Henry-Couannier; G. d’Agostini (2005). I – Matter, antimatter and geometry. II – The twin universe model: a solution to the problem of negative-energy particles. III – The twin universe model with electric charges and matter-antimatter symmetry. Preprint. arXiv:0712.0067
(29): J.P. Petit; P. Midy, F. Landsheat (June 2001). Twin matter versus dark matter within the framework of an international conference on astrophysics and cosmology. "Where is the matter?", Marseille, France.
(30): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (August 2007). Bigravity as an interpretation of cosmic acceleration. International Meeting on Variational Techniques (CITV), translation: International Meeting on Variational Techniques. arXiv:0712.0067
(31): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (August 2007). Bigravity: a bimetric model of the Universe. Exact nonlinear solutions. Positive and negative gravitational lenses. International Meeting on Variational Techniques (CITV), translation: International Meeting on Variational Techniques. arXiv:0801.1477
(32): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (August 2007). Bigravity: a bimetric model of the Universe with variable constants, including VSL (variable speed of light). International Meeting on Variational Techniques (CITV), translation: International Meeting on Variational Techniques. arXiv:0803.1362
(33): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (August 2007). "Bigravity: bimetric model of the Universe. Very large structures." International Meeting on Variational Techniques (CITV), translation: International Meeting on Variational Techniques.
(34): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (August 2007). "Bigravity: bimetric model of the Universe. Joint gravitational instabilities." International Meeting on Variational Techniques (CITV), translation: International Meeting on Variational Techniques.
(35): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (August 2007). "Bigravity: spiral structure." International Meeting on Variational Techniques (CITV), translation: International Meeting on Variational Techniques.
(36): J.P. Petit; G. d’Agostini (12–15 September 2008). Variable constants bigravity model (a bimetric model of the Universe. Interpretation of cosmic acceleration. In early times, symmetry breaking is accompanied by a period of variable speed of light, explaining the homogeneity of the primordial universe. The c(R) law is derived from a generalized evolving gauge process). 11th International Conference on Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory (PIRT XI), Imperial College, London.
(37): Bigravity in five dimensions. New topological description of the Universe. J.P. Petit & G. D’Agostini. Reference arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/0805.1423, 9 May 2008 (Mathematical Physics).
(38) J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, J.P. Caressa (24–30 July 1968). "Theoretical and experimental study of non-equilibrium phenomena in a shock tube within a closed-cycle MHD generator" within the framework of the International Symposium on MHD Electric Generation. International Atomic Energy Agency, Warsaw, Poland. Proceedings 2: 745–750.
(39): J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, J.P. Caressa (24–30 July 1968). "Electrical characteristics of a converter using a binary mixture of rare gases with non-equilibrium ionization" within the framework of the International Symposium on MHD Electric Generation. International Atomic Energy Agency, Warsaw, Poland. Proceedings 3.
(40): J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, D. Dufresne, J.P. Caressa (27 January 1969). "Characteristics of a Faraday linear generator using a binary mix of rare gases, with non-equilibrium ionization" (tr. Characteristics of a Faraday linear generator using a binary mix of rare gases, with non-equilibrium ionization). CRAS 268 (A): 245–247. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(41) J. Valensi; J.P. Petit (15 March 1969). Theoretical and experimental study of phenomena accompanying the non-equilibrium stage in a closed-cycle generator (tr. Theoretical and experimental study of phenomena accompanying the non-equilibrium stage in a closed-cycle generator), Report 66-00-115, Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Aix-Marseille University, France.
(42): J.P. Petit; J. Valensi (14 April 1969). "Theoretical performances of a Faraday generator with non-equilibrium ionization" (tr. Theoretical performances of a Faraday generator with non-equilibrium ionization). CRAS 268 (A): 245–247. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(43): J.P. Petit (14 April 1969). "Running instability in a Hall generator with non-equilibrium ionization" (tr. Running instability in a Hall generator with non-equilibrium ionization). CRAS 268: 906–909.
(44): J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, D. Duresne, J.P. Caressa (27 January 1969). "Electrical characteristics of a linear generator using a binary mix of rare gases, with non-equilibrium ionization" (tr. Electrical characteristics of a linear generator using a binary mix of rare gases, with non-equilibrium ionization). CRAS 268: 245–247.
(45): J.P. Petit; J. Valensi (1 September 1969). "Growth rate of electrothermal instability and critical Hall parameter in closed-cycle MHD generators when electron mobility is variable." CRAS 269: 365–367. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(46): B. Forestier; B. Fontaine, P. Bournot, P. Parraud (20 July 1970). "Study of variations in aerodynamic flow parameters of ionized argon subjected to Laplace acceleration forces." CRAS 271: 198–201. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(47): J.P. Petit (10 March 1972). "Applications of the kinetic theory of gases to plasma physics and galactic dynamics" (tr. Applications of the kinetic theory of gases to plasma physics and galactic dynamics). Doctoral thesis in sciences, CNRS n°6717, University of Provence, Aix-Marseille, France.
(48): J.P. Petit; M. Larini (May 1974). "Transport phenomena in a partially ionized gas out of equilibrium placed in a magnetic field." Journal of Engineering, Physics and Thermophysics 26 (5): 641–652.
(49): J.P. Petit; J.S. Darrozes (April 1975). "A new formulation of the equations of motion of an ionized gas in a collision-dominated regime" (tr. New formulation of the equations of motion of an ionized gas in collision-dominated regime), Journal de Mécanique 14 (4): 745–759, France.
(50): J.P. Petit (15 September 1975). "New type of MHD converters" (tr. New MHD converters). CRAS 281 (11): 157–160. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(51): J.P. Petit; M. Viton (28 February 1977). "New type of MHD converters. Induction machines" (tr. New MHD converters: induction machines). CRAS 284: 167–179. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(52): J.P. Petit (1979). "Perspectives in magnetohydrodynamics." Technical report CNRS for the account of CNES.
(53): J.P. Petit; M. Billiotte, M. Viton (6 October 1980). "Spiral-current accelerators" (tr. Magnetohydrodynamics: Spiral-current accelerators). CRAS 291 (5): 129–131. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(54): J.P. Petit; M. Billiotte (4 May 1981). "Method for eliminating the Velikhov instability" (tr. Method for eliminating the Velikhov instability). CRAS 292 (II): 1115–1118. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(55): J.P. Petit (September 1983). "Annihilation of the Velikhov instability by magnetic confinement" in the 8th International Conference on MHD Electric Generation. Proceedings, Moscow, Russia.
(56): J.P. Petit (September 1983). "Spiral electric currents with high apparent Hall parameter for confinement" in the 8th International Conference on MHD Electric Generation. Proceedings, Moscow, Russia.
(57): B. Lebrun [dir. J.P. Petit] (1987). "Theoretical study of shock wave annihilation around a flat wing in hot supersonic argon flow with Lorentz forces" (tr. Theoretical study of shock wave annihilation around a flat wing in hot supersonic argon flow with Lorentz forces). Doctoral thesis in engineering, Aix-Marseille University; and Journal de Mécanique, France.
(58): J.P. Petit; B. Lebrun (1989). "Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Quasi-one-dimensional stationary analysis and thermal blocking." European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 8 (2): 163–178.
(59): J.P. Petit; B. Lebrun (1989). "Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Stationary two-dimensional non-isentropic analysis. Anti-shock criterion and simulations in shock tubes for isentropic flows." European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 8 (4): 307–326.
(60): J.P. Petit; B. Lebrun (October 1992). "Theoretical analysis of shock wave annihilation by the MHD force field" in the 11th International Conference on MHD Electric Generation. Beijing, China. Proceedings III, Part 9 – Fluid Dynamics, art.4: 748–753.
(61): J.P. Petit; J. Geffray (22–26 September 2008). "MHD control of hypersonic flows" in the 2nd Euro-Asian Conference on Pulsed Technologies (EAPPC2008), Vilnius, Lithuania; and in Acta Physica Polonica A 115 (6): 1149–11513 (June 2009).
(62): J.P. Petit; J. Geffray (22–26 September 2008). "Wall confinement technique by inversion of the magnetic gradient. Accelerators combining induction effect and pulsed ionization. Applications." in the 2nd Euro-Asian Conference on Pulsed Technologies

The UFO-catch system: the searching mount

It is made of two elements.

UFO-catch diagram

A system with an eye-fish objective allows a complete survey of the sky. The images are sent to a computer memory. The system takes an image every tenth of a second. Pairs of successive images are sent to memory and compared pixel by pixel. It is thus possible to detect any moving source (security cameras are also based on this principle). A filtering system intervenes and can be parameterized at will and eliminate, for example, sources like shooting stars or airplane lights, etc.

When the computer system estimates, as a function of its parameterization, that the source deserves to be followed, a motorized "mount" freezes the optical system on this single source. An automatic zooming is then operated. This first optical system records an optical image of the source while a second one operates the spectrum registration. The latter is automatically analyzed and compared with a spectrum database.

If two UFO-catch detection stations are operated together, separated by a certain distance from each other, the system allows a complete survey of the object's trajectory in 3D and a velocity estimate. If the source comes into contact with the ground, the recording indicates the point of contact.

Let´s also note that this tracking system would offer a great deal of services to astronomers in their search of meteorites.

The UFO-science association cannot alone operate a system with a large number of UFO-catch detection stations. It thus searches for industrial partners, other associates or philanthropies in order to develop such a network.

  • Biological data

In 1981, Professor Michel Bounias, a biologist from the Istitut National d'Agronomie d'Avignon, was requested to carry out the analysis of the traces of a UFO landing in order to corroborate the observation made by a witness, together with a mechanic footprint that subsisted on the ground. The method employed consisted in a dosage of the pigmentary constitution of plants by means of thin-layer chromatography.

This method is relatively simple and easy to replicate.

Localization and collection of samples

Dress for taking away samples and storage at low temperature in dry ice.
The temperature to which the samples are maintained is visible on the container

Complete material for taking away vegetal samples

Intervention team carrying samples

Samples are stored at low temperature in dry ice

Here’s the dosage of pigments by thin-layer chromatography:

Weighing of the vegetable sample

Grinding

Bio-molecules are extracted by centrifugation

Bio-molecules are deposited on the silica gel of the plate, ready to be plunged in

Bio-molecules get separated in the solvent by capillarity when carried to different velocities

Resulting chromatography

Resulting analysis of the chromatographic plate, after scanning and treatment by a densitometry software

By comparing the results with the densitometry profile the plant sample (its chromatographic "signature") it is possible to discover eventual alterations, quantify them and correlate the phenomenon with the distance to the epicenter of the phenomenon.
This was already made by professor Michel Bounias, deceased in 2003, when investigating the traces of the well-known case of Trans en Provence (France) in 1981 that revealed a correlation alteration for pigment vs. distance of 0.98.

Professor Michel Bounias in 1984.

Results of biological analysis of a UFO landing trace by Prof. Michel Bounias, 1981

The reconstruction of this technique was done during 2008 within the framework of the activities of the UFO-Science association, but it was soon realized that in the case of a new landing it would be impossible to keep working an analysis infrastructure with its own funds. This being, it is evident that the analysis of ground traces must be a part of the study of the UFO phenomenon, with biological analysis constituting a step in a panoply of examinations and tests rather broad.

On the observed trajectories

If UFOs are really material objects, when examining witnesses' testimonials or radar records, it is frequent to observe supersonic and even hypersonic velocities, and this raises immediately a paradox, since those displacements take place, with rare exceptions, without any noise. According to the laws of classic fluid mechanics, an object moving in a gas at a supersonic velocity creates a system of shockwaves together with very loud sound signals (the supersonic "bang"). Thus the observation of UFOs raises immediately the following question:

- Is it possible to move an object in air at a supersonic speed without creating a bang or shockwaves (and their associated wake turbulence)?

In 1976 two members of the association (J.P. Petit and M. Viton) showed with hydraulic experiments that when a Laplace force field enters the scene it is possible to annihilate wake turbulence downstream of a cylindrical object.

**
Cylindrical MHD accelerator. Suction upstream, wake turbulence removal downstream**

Since that time the first theoretical works, based on a reformulation of the theory of characteristics ("Mach waves") in the presence of a Laplace force field showed that in effect this field could prevent these waves from being formed. Those who know fluid mechanics are aware that in a supersonic regime a flow can be associated with a system of Mach waves who carry pressure perturbations. It is the crossing of the waves that creates the shockwaves.

Calculation of the distribution of "characteristics" (Mach waves) in a supersonic regime around a lenticular profile.
Their accumulation indicates places of shockwave generation.

Hereafter a schematic representation of the (two-dimensional) air flow around a lenticular profile, and the emergence of two shockwave systems: at the frontal edge and in the rear edge of the profile. Between these waves the (characteristic) Mach waves.

2D-supersonic flow around a lenticular profile, together with its two shock wave systems.
Between these plane waves, plans represent the first family of Mach waves.

At the beginning of the eighties a doctoral student of Jean-Pierre Petit showed that under the action of an appropriate Laplace force field, the parallelism of the characteristics could be preserved, thus implying the absence of shock waves

Figure taken from the doctoral thesis of Bertrand Lebrun.
A Laplace force field J x B prevents characteristics from crossing.
The flow comes from the left. See reference 55

This is an important scientific result that arises from the simple consideration of the UFO phenomenon from a scientific point of view and which leads to a novel and third fluid mechanics. One had:

- Subsonic fluid mechanics

- Supersonic fluid mechanics, with shockwaves

The problems emerged from the UFO observation have created an entirely new research field:

-* "MHD controlled" fluid mechanics, in which shockwaves are eliminated, the MHD opposing their formation.*

It is absolutely amazing that such research, without known precedents, published on refereed journals (see below) and presented in international specialized workshops (Moscow 1983, Tsukuba 1987, Pekin 1991), far from being encouraged and acclaimed, instead of being facilitated and sponsored was on the contrary opposed and even completely stopped in France at the end of the eighties. It was not necessarily the consequence, at least in France, of the action of an army anxious to develop that technology in secrecy with the aim of obtaining a hypersonic cruise missile (which hasn´t been done), but the desire of keeping "things under control".

We’ll finish this brief notice by adding that the "MHD discoid aerodynes" problematic is still alive and productive, and has presented recent communications in two international scientific workshops (2008 and 2009) as well as three papers in a top-level refereed journal. These problems have led to true discoveries in non-equilibrium plasma physics (magnetic parietal confinement technique by inversion of the magnetic gradient field).

Wall confinment du to magnetic gradient inversion. See reference 61 (Int. AIAA meeting, Bremem, 20109)

These researches, which lie at the top of the specialty (MHD and non-equilibrium plasma physics), will be continued with scandalously ridiculous funding.

The problem of interstellar travel

The hypothesis of extraterrestrial incursions poses immediately the thorny question of how to travel the considerable distances that separate us from the nearest stars, distances that are ten thousand times greater than the size of our solar system.

Instead of contradicting the consequences of Special Relativity with its fundamental limitation of velocities with respect to light velocity, consequences that correspond to a geometrical requirement (in classic SR trying to go faster than light is equivalent to try to descend more deeply in a sphere than… its center), it is worth to consider the principles of SR in a wider context.

The UFO-Science researchers have reprised and extended the works of Andrei Sakharov. A considerable amount of work has been done in the last 35 years, together with scientific publications in top-level journals and presentations in international workshops. The whole has been called upon the name of "twin-universe theory" by taking again the term introduced by the Soviet academician. Today it has been reformulated under the name of "bi-metric", which is a universe where in order to go from a point A to a point B there can exist two ways corresponding to opposite times. Here once again the UFO phenomenon imposes itself with a powerful and stimulating scientific mood as a source of new ideas in a time when astrophysics and cosmology undergo a serious crisis and do not accept to exploit for their own benefit this paradigmatic knowledge.

The exploitation of documents of non-identified origin

To be complete, another source of information in the form of letters signed by persons who claimed to be extraterrestrials should be quoted, the so-called Ummo affair. It is a very controversial and polemical issue, and many people intend to deny the scientific quality of the scientific knowledge contained in those letters. We will not develop that further here and mention only that in those texts appeared for the first time, in 1967, the idea that the velocity of light may have varied during cosmic evolution, idea that was reprised and developed by Jean-Pierre Petit in 1988-1989, see (8), (9), (10), (11), (14), (15).

Conclusion

The above evocations show that the scientific world should bring interest into the UFO dossier, and that the scientific clues contained therein are numerous, real and revolutionary for the fields of fluid mechanics, cosmology and mathematical physics. Continuing on these grounds is the aim of the UFO-Science association. Time has come to get this dossier out from the ghetto of parasciences and from the folklore and put it among the great scientific problems of our time.

**References **

(1) J.P. Petit (1972). "Applications of the kinetic theory of gases to plasma physics and galactic dynamics". Doctor of Engineering thesis, Aix-Marseille University, France.(1)
(2) J.P. Petit (16–20 September, 1974). "Proceedings" in International meeting on spiral glaxies dynamics. Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES), Bures-sur-Yvette, France.
(3) J.P.Petit : "Is supersonic flight possible ?" Eigth Inter. Conf. on MHD Electr. Power Generation. Moscow 1983.
(4) J.P.Petit & B.Lebrun : "Shock wave cancellation in a gas by Lorentz force action". Ninth Inter. Conf. On MHD Electr. Power Generation. Tsukuba, Japan, 1986
(5) B.Lebrun & J.P.Petit : "Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Quasi-one dimensional steady analysis and thermal blockage". European Journal of Mechanics; B/Fluids, 8 , n°2, pp.163-178, 1989
(6) B.Lebrun & J.P.Petit : "Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Two-dimensional steady non-isentropic analysis. Anti-shock criterion, and shock tube simulations for isentropic flows". European Journal of Mechanics, B/Fluids, 8 , pp.307-326, 1989
(7) B.Lebrun : "Approche théorique de la suppression des ondes de choc se formant autour d'un obstacle effilé placé dans un écoulement d'argon ionisé. Thèse d'Energétique n° 233. Université de Poitiers, France, 1990.
(8) B.Lebrun & J.P.Petit : "Theoretical analysis of shock wave anihilation by lorentz force field". International MHD symposium, Pékin 1990.
(9) Convertisseurs MHD d'un genre nouveau (Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, 15 Septembre 1975, t. 281, pp. 157-159) traduit New MHD converters.
(10) Convertisseurs MHD d'un genre nouveau. Appareil à induction avec Maurice Viton (Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, 28 Février 1977, t. 284, pp. 167-179) traduit New MHD converters : induction machines.
(11) Univers énantiomorphes à temps propres opposés (Enantiomorphic universe with opposite time arrows). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, 23 Mai 1977, Série A., t. 263, pp. 1315-1318)
(12) Univers en interaction avec leur image dans le miroir du temps (Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, 6 Juin 1977, Série A., t. 284, pp. 1413-1416) traduit Univers interacting with their opposite time arrow.
(13) A.D. Sakharov (1982). "Collected Scientific Works" (tr. D. Ter Haar, D. V. Chudnovsky et al.). Marcel Dekker, NY. ISBN 0824717147.
(14) A.D. Sakharov (1984). "Œuvres scientifiques" (in French, tr. L. Michel, L.A. Rioual). Anthropos (Economica), Paris. ISBN 2715710909.
(15) A.D. Sakharov (1967). "CP violation and baryonic asymmetry of the Universe". ZhETF Pis'ma 5 (Tr. JETP Lett. 5, 24–27) (5): 32–35.
(16) A.D. Sakharov (1970). "A multisheet Cosmological model". preprint. Moscow, Russia: Institute of Applied Mathematics.
(17) A.D. Sakharov (1972). "Topological structure of elementary particles and CPT asymmetry". Problems in theoretical physics, dedicated to the memory of I.E. Tamm. Nauka, Moscow, Russia.
(18) A.D. Sakharov (1980). "Cosmological model of the Universe with a time vector inversion". ZhETF (Tr. JETP 52, 349-351) (79): 689–693.
(19) Hydraulic simulation of shock wave annihilation & Annihilation of the Velikhov instability by magnetic confinment, Spiral electric currents with high appearent Hall parameter confinment (8ème Congrès International de MHD, Moscou 1983).
(20) J.P. Petit (1988). An interpretation of cosmological model with variable light velocity. Modern Physics Letters A, 3 (16): 1527.
(21) J.P.Petit : An interpretation of cosmological model with variable light velocity : the interpretation of red shifts (Modern Physics Letters A. Vol 3, N°18, Décembre 1988, pp 1733-1744).
(22) J.P.Petit : Gauge cosmological model with variable light velocity. III: Comparison with QSO observationnal data (Modern Physics Letters A. Vol 4, N°23, Décembre 1989, pp 2201-2210).
(23) Shock wave cancellation by Lorentz Force field avec B. Lebrun (10ème Congrès International de MHD, Pékin 1991).
(24) MHD shock wave cancellation (Congrès International de MHD, Research of Nuclear Energy (CEA), Cadarache, 1992)
(25) J.P. Petit (July 1994). The missing mass problem. Il Nuovo Cimento B, 109: 697–710
(26) J.P. Petit (1995). Twin Universes Cosmology. Astrophysics and Space Science (226): 273–307.
(27) P. Midy; J.P. Petit (June 1989). Scale invariant cosmology. The International Journal of Modern Physics D, 8: 271–280.
(28) : J.P. Petit , F. Henry-Couannier; G. d'Agostini, (2005). I- Matter, antimatter and geometry. II- The twin universe model: a solution to the problem of negative energy particles. III- The twin universe model plus electric charges and matter-antimatter symmetry. Preprint. arXiv:0712.0067
(29) : J.P. Petit; P. Midy, F. Landsheat (June 2001). Twin matter against dark matter in International Meeting on Atrophysics and Cosmology. "Where is the matter?", Marseille, France.
(30) : J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (August 2007). Bigravity as an interpretation of the cosmic acceleration. Colloque International sur les Techniques Variationnelles CITV, tr. International Meeting on Variational Techniques. arXiv:0712.0067
(31) : J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (August 2007). Bigravity: a bimetric model of the Universe. Exact nonlinear solutions. Positive and negative gravitational lensings. Colloque International sur les Techniques Variationnelles CITV, tr. International Meeting on Variational Techniques. arXiv:0801.1477
(32) : J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (August 2007). Bigravity: a bimetric model of the Universe with variable constants, inluding VSL (variable speed of light). Colloque International sur les Techniques Variationnelles CITV, tr. International Meeting on Variational Techniques. arXiv:0803.1362
(33) : J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (August 2007). "Bigravity: Bimetric model of the universe. Very large structure". Colloque International sur les Techniques Variationnelles CITV, tr. International Meeting on Variational Techniques.
(34) : J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (August 2007). "Bigravity: Bimetric model of the universe. Joint gravitational instabilities". Colloque International sur les Techniques Variationnelles CITV, tr. International Meeting on Variational Techniques.
(35) : J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (August 2007). "Bigravity: spiral structure". Colloque International sur les Techniques Variationnelles CITV, tr. International Meeting on Variational Techniques.
(36 ) : J.P. Petit; G. d'Agostini (12-15 September 2008). Bigravity Variable Constants Model (A bimetric model of the Universe. Interpretation of the cosmic acceleration. In early time a symmetry breaking goes with a variable speed of light era, explaining the homogeneity of the early Universe. The c(R) law is derived from a generalized gauge process evolution). 11th international conference on Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory (PIRT XI), Imperial College, London.
(37) : - Five-dimensional bigravity. New topological description of the Universe. J.P.Petit & G. D'Agostini. Référence arXiv : http://arxiv.org/abs/0805.1423 9 Mai 2008 ( mathematical Physics )
(38) J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, J.P. Caressa (24–30 July 1968). "Theoretical and experimental study in shock tube of non-equilibrium phenomena in a closed-cycle MHD generator" in International Symposium on MHD Electrical Power Generation. International Atomic Energy Agency, Warsaw, Poland. Proceedings 2: 745–750.
(39) : J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, J.P. Caressa (24–30 July 1968). "Electrical characteristics of a converter using as a conversion fluid a binary mix of rare gases with non-equilibrium ionization" in International Symposium on MHD Electrical Power Generation. International Atomic Energy Agency, Warsaw, Poland. Proceedings 3.
(40) : J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, D. Dufresne, J.P. Caressa (January 27, 1969). "Caractéristiques d'un générateur linéaire de Faraday utilisant un mélange binaire de gaz rares, avec ionisation hors d'équilibre" (tr. Characteristics of a Faraday linear generator using a binary mix of rare gases, with non-equilibrium ionization). CRAS 268 (A): 245–247. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(41) J. Valensi; J.P. Petit 15 mars 1969). Etude théorique et expérimentale des phénomènes accompagnant la mise hors d'équilibre dans un générateur à cycle fermé (tr. "Theoretical and experimental study of phenomena accompanying the non-equilibrium stage in a closed-cycle generator"), Compte rendu 66-00-115, Institut de Mécanique des fluides, Université d'Aix-Marseille, France.
(42) : J.P. Petit; J. Valensi (April 14, 1969). "Performances théoriques d'un générateur de type Faraday avec ionisation hors d'équilibre" (tr. "Theoretical performances of a Faraday generator with non-equilibrium ionization"). CRAS 268 (A): 245–247. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(43) : J.P. Petit (April 14, 1969). "Instabilité de régime dans un générateur de Hall avec ionisation hors d'équilibre" (tr. "Running instability in a Hall generator with non-equilibrium ionization"). CRAS 268: 906–909
(44) : J.P. Petit; J. Valensi, D. Duresne, J.P. Caressa (January 27, 1969). "Caractéristiques électriques d'un générateur linéaire de Faraday utilisant un mélange binaire de gaz rares, avec ionisation hors d'équilibre" (tr. "Electrical characteristics of a linear generator using a binary mix of rare gases, with non-equilibrium ionization"). CRAS 268: 245–247
(45) : J.P. Petit; J. Valensi (September 1, 1969). "Growth rate of electrothermal instability and critical Hall parameter in closed-cycle MHD generators when the electron mobility is variable". CRAS 269: 365–367. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(46) : B. Forestier; B. Fontaine, P. Bournot, P. Parraud (July 20, 1970). "Study of the variations in the aerodynamic flow parameters of ionized argon subjected to Laplacian accelerating forces". CRAS 271: 198–201. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(47) : J.P. Petit (March 10, 1972). "Applications de la théorie cinétique des gaz à la physique des plasmas et à la dynamique des galaxies" (tr. "Applications of the kinetic theory of gases to plasma physics and galactic dynamics"). Doctor of Science thesis, CNRS#6717, University of Provence, Aix-Marseille, France.
(48) : J.P. Petit; M. Larini (May 1974). "Transport phenomena in a nonequilibrium, partially ionized gas in a magnetic field". Journal of Engineering, Physics and Thermophysics 26 (5): 641–652.
(49) : J.P Petit; J.S. Darrozes (April 1975). "Une nouvelle formulation des équations du mouvement d'un gaz ionisé dans un régime dominé par les collisions" (tr. "New formulation of the equations of motion of an ionized gas in collision dominated regime"), Journal de Mécanique 14 (4): 745–759, France.
(50) : J.P. Petit (September 15, 1975). "Convertisseurs MHD d'un genre nouveau" (tr. "New MHD converters"). CRAS 281 (11): 157–160. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(51) : J.P. Petit; M. Viton (February 28, 1977). "Convertisseurs MHD d'un genre nouveau. Appareils à induction" (tr. New MHD converters: induction machines"). CRAS 284: 167–179. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
15 J.P. Petit (1979). "Prospects on magnetohydrodynamics". Technical Report CNRS on behalf of CNES.
16 J.P. Petit; M. Billiotte, M. Viton, (October 6, 1980). "Accélérateur à courants spiraux" (tr. "Magnetohydrodynamics: Spiral-current accelerators"). CRAS 291 (5): 129–131. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(52) : J.P. Petit; M. Billiotte (May 4, 1981). "Méthode pour supprimer l'instabilité de Velikhov" (tr. "Method for eliminating the Velikhov instability"). CRAS 292 (II): 1115–1118. Paris: French Academy of Sciences.
(53) : J.P. Petit (September 1983). "Cancellation of the Velikhov instability by magnetic confinment" in 8th International Conference on MHD Electrical Power Generation. Proceedings, Moscow, Russia.
(55) : J.P. Petit (September 1983). "Spiral electric currents with high appearent Hall parameter confinment" in 8th International Conference on MHD Electrical Power Generation. Proceedings, Moscow, Russia.
(54) : B. Lebrun [dir. J.P. Petit] (1987). "Approche théorique de la suppression des ondes de choc se formant autour d'un obstacle effilé placé dans un écoulement supersonique d'argon ionisé à l'aide de forces de Laplace" (tr. "Theoretical study of shock wave annihilation around a flat wing in hot supersonic argon flow with Lorentz forces". Engineer-Doctor thesis, Aix-Marseille University; & Journal of Mechanics, France.
(55) : J.P. Petit; B. Lebrun (1989). "Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flow. Quasi one dimensional steady analysis and thermal blockage". European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 8 (2): 163–178.
(56) : J.P. Petit; B. Lebrun (1989). "Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Two-dimensional steady non-isentropic analysis. Anti-shock criterion, and shock tube simulations for isentropic flows". European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 8 (4): 307–326.
(57) : J.P. Petit; B. Lebrun (October 1992). "Theoretical analysis of shock wave anihilation with MHD force field" in 11th International Conference on MHD Electrical Power Generation. Beijing, China. Proceedings III, Part.9- Fluid dynamics, art.4: 748–753.
(58) : J.P. Petit; J. Geffray (22-26 September 2008). "MHD flow-control for hypersonic flight" in 2nd Euro-Asian Pulsed Power Conference (EAPPC2008), Vilnius, Lithuania; and in Acta Physica Polonica A 115 (6): 1149–11513 (June 2009).
(59) : J.P. Petit; J. Geffray (22-26 September 2008). "Wall confinement technique by magnetic gradient inversion. Accelerators combining induction effect and pulsed ionization. Applications." in 2nd Euro-Asian Pulsed Power Conference (EAPPC2008), Vilnius, Lithuania; and in Acta Physica Polonica A 115 (6): 1162–1163 (June 2009).
(60) : J.P. Petit; J. Geffray (22-26 September 2008). "Non equilibrium plasma instabilities" in 2nd Euro-Asian Pulsed Power Conference (EAPPC2008), Vilnius, Lithuania; and in Acta Physica Polonica A 115 (6): 1170–1173 (June 2009).
(6) : J.P. Petit; J. Geffray, F. David (19-22 October 2009). "MHD Hypersonic Flow Control for Aerospace Applications", AIAA-2009-7348, in 16th AIAA/DLR/DGLR International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference (HyTASP), Bremen, Germany.

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