Repulsive dark matter (p4)
6) An alternative
interpretation of the observed strong gravitational lensing effects.
Negative gravitational lensing.
...When
a (positive) mass m* is present in the fold F*, it shapes the geometry in
the fold F*. As presented first in reference [6] the geometry in the adjacent
portion of the fold F , solution of the equation :
(19)
S = 0
can be described by a
Schwarzschild solution :
(20)
where the constant
v
is negative.
(21)
...The
mass m*, present in the fold F*, where it attracts a mass m*, repels a mass
of the other fold F, the geodesic being hyperbola-like.
(22)
The null geodesics can
be calculated.
j = polar
coordinate. q = 1/r . b and h are trajectory parameters. The null geodesics
are :
(22)
The light pathes, hyperbola
like, correspond to figure 6. We get a negative gravitational lensing.
Figure 6 : Negative
gravitational lensing, in the fold F
due to the presence
of a mass m*, located in the fold F*.
...In
figure 7 we have schematically figured light paths, focussed by the action
of a non-homogeneous mass distribution r*
of the fold F*, reinforcing the positive gravitational lensing due to the
galaxy. The photon trajectory is straight if it travels through an homogenous
medium.
Fig. 7 : Schematic
ligth paths bending, due to the combined
actions of the galaxy
and surrounding repulsive dark matter.
...Classically
one considers the observed strong gravitational lensing effects as a proof
of the existence of attractive dark matter in our Universe. We suggest this
could be mainly due to basically invisible repulsive dark matter, surrounding
the visible structures (more precisely to the gradient of the repulsive dark
matter, at the vicinity of the galaxies).
Conclusion.
...We
consider the Universe as the site of interaction of two populations : normal
matter m and repulsive dark matter m*, the dynamics of the system corresponding
to :
-
m attracts m
-
m* attracts m*
-
m and m* mutually repel
through newtonian (and
anti-newtonian) laws. Then the repulsive dark matter behaves as if it owned
negative mass (and negative energy). We build a model of a galaxy located
is some sort of a hole, in a surrounding repulsive dark matter environment,
which confines it. We show that we refind good looking rotation curves.
...We
avoid the problem of the negative mass and negative energy, introducing a
new geometric framework, the Universe being composed of two folds, considered
as the two-fold cover of a "skeleton manifold", which provides an involutive
mapping linking two conjugated points (M,M*). The geometry of the fold Fis
described by a metric g and the one of the fold F* by a metric g*.
Both are linked through a system of two coupled field equations. On geometrical
grounds, any structure located in a fold is invisible from the second one.
We build a cosmological model, assuming that the two universes are homogeneous
and isotropic. During the radiative era we assume the mass densities
r
and r*
and the pressures p and p* are respectively equal. Then the model identifies
to the standard one. When matter (and repulsive dark matter) dominate in both
folds (we assume decoupling occurs at the same moment in both worlds), the
two evolutions are different. One universe (supposed to be ours) expands faster
than the other one. The impact of the repulsive dark matter world on the evolution
of ours is similar to the introduction of a cosmological constant in the Einstein
field equation, so that it makes it possible to adjust the age of the Universe
to recent measures of the Hubble�s constant. With a today�s mass-density ratio
r*/r
= 64 we find an age equal
to 15.7 billions years.
...Negative
gravitational lensing, due to the gradient of geometrically invisible surrounding
repulsive dark matter may induce the same effect as the gravitational lensing
attributed to attractive dark matter.
References.
[1] M.Myamoto and R.Nagai
Publ. Astrom. Soc. Japan 27, 583, 1975
[2] S.Chandrasekhar : "Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium". Yale University
Press, New Haven and London, 1969
[3] J.Binney and S.Tremaine, "Galactic Dynamics", Princeton University Press,
Princeton, 1987.
[4] Bahcall J.N & Soneira R.M. APJ. S 44 p. 73 1980
[5] Bahcall J.N. , Flynn A and Gould A. APJ 389 p.234 1992
[6] Petit J.P.: The missing mass effect. Il Nuovo Cimento B Vol. 109 July
1994, pp. 697-710
[7] Petit J.P. : Twin Universe Cosmology. Astr. And Sp. Sc. 226 : 273-307,
1995
Achnowledgements
:
The author thanks Pr.
J.M.Souriau for useful advices and comments.
This work is supported by the french CNRS and by the A. Dreyer Brevets et
Développement company.
Déposé sous pli cacheté à l'Académie des
Sciences de Paris, 1998.
