Jean-Pierre Petit
Lambda Laboratory
...In the section devoted to MHD
we have seen that it could be possible, using disk-shaped MHD aerodyne, to cruise
at hypersonic velocity, at low altitude, without creating sonic bang and turbulence,
a completely noiseless flight.
...Second question : is interstellar
travel possible ?
...Classical answer : no, due to
the contrainsts of special relativity.
...A solution suggested by O'Neill
: men could travel to other stars if they accept that only their distant descents
could reach these other systems. If should be a one-way journey, without possible
return, which implies huge spacecrafts, as big as large terrestrial towns, carrying
grass, trees, animals everything. The modern version of Noe's ship. Source of
energie : the hydrogen picked on way, combined to fusion process. Source of
materials : asteroids.
...Poetic....
...Of course : no possibility to
talk with men who stay on the Earth. Iam skeptical. More, Ithink that if we
would build such a monster and take place in, when reaching another distant
planet, circling around another star and inhabited by human creature, when landing,
these guys would say :
- Glad to meet you. We expected you. Your descents warned us twenty
thousands years ago. You know, they are more modern way to travel, now.
...I wouldn't take the risk to be
so ridiculous. So, can we think about something fairly different ?
...The reader may have a look to
the papers of my website, devoted to theoretical
cosmology. Recent works will be presented in Marseille, France, june 2001, at
the international meeting on astrophysics and cosmology, entitled "Where
is the matter ?", organized by the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
(I belong to).
1 - Twin universe geometry.
...The concept of twin universe was
first introduced by Andrei Sakharov, in 1967 ( [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] ). Later
Ipublished two papers in the french Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des
Sciences de Paris ( [5] and [6], unaware previous Sakharov's works). The underlying
geometric structure corresponds to a two-points bundle. Give the fold of this
bundle the metric structure ( g , g*), where g and g*
are riemanian metrics with signatures ( + - - - ).
Fig.1 Twin universe : a two-points bundle withe riemanian
metric structure ( g , g*).
...We get a point-to-point mapping,
linking two "conjugated points" Mand M*, which can be described by
a same system of coordinates {µi }. Call Fand F* the two folds which compose the bundle. With the two metrics
we can build geodesics systems but, as Fand F* and disconnected, the two families
of geodesics are disconnected. As a conclusion, if these metrics give null-geodesics
and if one assume that light travels along them in both folds, any structure
of a given fold will be geometrically invisible
from the other one.
...In classical General Relativity one considers
a single fold, associated to the field equation (Einstein equation) :
(1)
S = c T - L
g
where S is a geometrical tensor, c is the
Einstein constant, T is the energy-matter tensor and L
the so-called, puzzling cosmological constant, introduced by the french mathematician
Elie Cartan.
...Consider the following coupled field equations
system :
(2)
S = c ( T - T*
)
(3)
S* = c ( T* - T
)
from which we get immediatly :
(4)
S* = - S
Notice this definitively not imply g* = - g
...The newtonian approximation gives the following
Poisson equation :
(5)
Dy = 4 p
G (r - r*)
. In this new model :
- matter attracts matter, through Newton law.
- twin matter attracts twin matter thrgough Newton law.
- matter and twin matter repel each other through an "anti-Newton law".
What about the classical local check of the RG ?
...The solar system is a very dense portion of
the universe. In the adjacent portion of the twin fold, twin matter is psuhed
away. Then the system is very close to :
(6)
S = c T
(7)
S* = - T
...The equation (6) identifies to Einstein equation,
so that all the classical verifications fit. What about gravitons ? Which path
do they follow ? The answer is composed by two arguments :
-
Field equations provide macroscopic description of the universe, which ignores
the existence of particles and just gives geodesic systems. -
By the way : what's a graviton ?
2 - The question of the repulsive power of vacuum. An alternative answer.
...When we look to equation (2) we see that T*
acts like a "cosmological constant". It figures the "repulsive
power of the twin universe", which can play a role in non-steady coupled
solutions. Assumption of homogeneity and isotropy gives the riemanian metrics
the well-known Robertson-Walker form, as follows :
(8)
(9)
...The radial distances between conjugated points
(same u, an adimensional "radial distance", with respect to an arbitrary
point) are not automatically equal :
(10)
r = Ru .......................r*
= R*u
Write adimensional coordinates, where t
is the time-marker.
(11)
{ t
, u , q , j }
... { u , q
, j } are classical spherical coordinates.
Remember that a field equation is coordinate-invariant. The choice of coordinates
remains free, in each fold, where we can define different cosmic times :
(12)
. t ...et
... t*
These variables are linked to the adimensional variable t
through :
(13)
t = T
t ............t*
= T
* t
where Tand T* are characteristic times scales. Introducing adimensional proper
times s and s*
:
(14)
s = cT
s .........s*
= - c*T *
s*
we transform the two metrics
into their adimensional forms, introducing adimensional scale factors R(t)and
R*(t),
through :
(15)
R =
cT
R
R*
= c*T*
R*
(16)
(17)
...We put the field equations into their adimensional
forms, using :
(18)
r = ro
w
r* = r*o
w*
p =
po
p
p*
= p*o
p*
Following, these tensors,
written in their adimensional forms :
(19)
At the end, we get four second order coupled differential equations (instead
two, in the classical approach). :
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
...We need some additional hypothesis.
Assume that the two universes have "parallel lives" during their radiative
epoch, i.e :
w (t) = w* (t),
which impose negative curvature indixes ( k = k* = -1 ). After decoupling we
neglect the pressure terms (dust universes) :
(24-a)
(24-b)
(24-c)
(24-d)
from which we get immediatly
:
(25-a)
(25-b)
Introducing the mass-conservation in both folds :
(26)
w R3
= constant w*
R*3
= constant
the system becomes :
(27-a)
(27-b)
...Notice
that R
= R*
gives R" =
R*" = 0.
On another hand, if the two universes were "fully coupled", i.e. R*/R
= constant, this peculiar
solution would correspond to Friedmann models, with "parallel evolutions". But
we consider that they are coupled by gravitational field, through (27-a) and
(27-b), which shows that the linear expansion is unstable. If, for an example,
if R > R*
then
R" > 0
and R*" <
0 . The system can be numerically
solved. The typical solution corresponds to figure 2.
Fig.2 : The evolution
of the scale parameters of the universe and twin universe.
...We see that this system of two universes interacting
through gravitational force is unstable. If one universe goes faster, pushed
by his twin, the other one slows down. The observed acceleration of our universe
is then caused bay the "repulsive powe of its twin universe". The
histories of the two differ. Ours is cooler and more rarefied. The twin is warmer
and denser.
3 - Other observational confirmations.
...The twin universe theory offers a lot of observational
confirmations. See the papers on the website, and references [5] , [6] and [7].
The action of repulsive twin matter on the matter of the galaxies explains the
"missing mass effect" and the flatness of the corresponding rotation
curve, at distance :
Fig.3 : Galaxy confined by surrounding (geometrically invisible)
twin matter.
Fig.4 : Corresponding rotation curve.
..