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A single universe, or two ?

What are the speculative ideas on line today ?

Two references :

R. Foot and R.R. Volkas Phys. Rev. D Vol. 52 n°11, 1° dec 1995
Z.G.Berezhiani and R.N. Mohapatra Phys. Rev. Vol. 52 n° 11 - 1 dec 1995.

These two works are devoted to the solar neutrino deficit problem. Foot and
Volkas think that the Universe is composed by two "sectors", enantiomorphic.
They call the second sector a "mirror sector" (Jonas'effect, perahps...).
This second universe is P-symmetric (see Geometrical Physics B, devoted to
group theory). Foot and Volkas suggest that the energy, in the center of the
sun, is carried by normal neutrinos and "mirror-neutrinos". They suggest to
extend our universe, including a P-symmetrical sector. Since the fifties we
know that our universe is not perfectly symmetrical. See :T.D.Lee and C.N.Yang
Phys. Rev. 104, 254 (1956)

When typically "right" processes occur, during some characteristic time,
the symmetrical process, "left", mirror-symmetrical, implies a slightly different
characteristic time (the difference is 10-9). The symmetrical process belongs
to anti-matter world. It was predicted and observed (Nobel's price). This
is called the violation of Parity Principle. This refers to "our sector".
Foot and Volkas suggest the existence of a twin universe, with inverse parity
violation. The assume that the whole : our sector plus mirror sector, composes
a fully P-symmetrical entity. The "mirror sector" of Foot and Volkas, is P-symmetrical
with respect to ours.

As presented in Geometrical Physics B :
J.P.Petit & P.Midy : Geometrization of anti-matter through coadjoint action
of a group on its momentum space. 4 : Twin group [Geometrical Physics B,
4, 1998].

We have built a CPT-symmetrical twin world. Following this idea, 50% of the
released energy could be carried by "CPT-symmetrical mirror neutrinos".

There is another reason to try to imagine something different from the Standard
Model. In the very early universe, world is comparable to the jewish tohu-bohu
. As said Steven Weinberg, at this time, the Universe is a mixture of all
kinds of radiations . He means that if one finds photons, neutrinos and
anti-neutrinos, the massive particles (and their anti) go at a velocity very
close to light velocity.

Photons give particle-antiparticle pairs. Then these latter collide and annihilate,
giving high energy photons. And so on.

Then the expansion cools the photons, whose radiation temparature varies
like 1/R , Rbeing the mean distance between two particles. When they have
not enough energy to produce pairs, this production stops. Then the annihilation
destroys matter and anti matter, through an irreversible process.

The main question becomes :

• Why are we here, you and me ? Why has this mutal killing not vanished completely
  the two enemy-sisters : matter and anti-matter ?

Answer ?
No answer......

Lost, half of the universe. If somebody has some information, please, contact
any theoretical physics' lab, immediatly.

In 1967 the Russian academician Andréi Sakharov was the first to suggest
that "cosmogenesis" could have produced two universes instead a single one
:

A.Sakharov : "CP violation and baryonic asymmetry of the Universe". ZhETF
Pis'ma 5 : 32-35 (1967) ; Traduction JETP Lett. 5 : 24-27 (1967)
A.Sakharov : "A multisheet Cosmological model" Preprint Institute of Applied
Mathematics, Moscow 1970
A.Sakharov : "Cosmological model of the Universe with a time vector inversion".
ZhETF 79 : 689-693 (1980) ; traduction in Sov. Phys. JETP 52 : 349-351 (1980)

A.Sakharov : "Topological structure of elementary particles and CPT asymmetry"
in "Problems in theoretical physics", dedicated to the memory of I.E.Tamm,
Nauka, Moscow 1972, pp. 243-247

In Sakharov's vision the two arrows of time are reversed. He also suggested
that his twin Universes could be enantiomorphic.

Idid the same, ten years after, unaware of Sakharov's work. Reference :

[1] : J.P.Petit : Univers enantiomorphes à flèches du temps
opposées. French Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de
Paris.t.284, serie A, 1977, p.1315
( Enantiomophic universes with opposite time arrows )

[2] : J.P.Petit : Univers en interaction avec leur image dans le miroir du
temps . French Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris.t.284,
serie A, ( 6 june ) 1977, p.1413
(Universe interacting with its space-time mirror image) : the "Jonas-effect".

Superstringers are inquiring into the fundamental object making up the universe,
the key to the Theory of Everything (TOE). They think they have built the
symmetry properties this unknown object should possess (according to different
variants), based on group theory. The group E8 x E8
is one of the variants. The groups "fathers geometry." The Galilean group,
which translates all the properties of our space-time (spatial translations,
rotations, plus temporal translations), in their most naive view (Euclidean,
with absolute time) fathers a Euclidean space-time.

The Lorentz group secretes Minkowski space-time (the one of Special Relativity).

The superstringers are searching the geometry of a ten-dimensional space
obeying the special symmetry properties which all elementary particles, known
and unknown, obey.

Let us suppose that Ihave six quantities:

x, y, z, a, b, g.

Idecide, for example, that Ican add to or subtract from
the first three a whole number of times a quantity a and that Ican add to
or subtract from the following three p/2
a whole number of times. This constitutes a group. Its
neutral elements consist in adding or subtracting a null quantity. An object
exists satisfying these relations -- the cube. The space flowing from this
group structure is a three dimensional one, paved with cubes. A sort of crystal.

Crystallography is entirely based on group theory. When
we have the group, we have the way in which the crystal is built.

We might say that superstringers think they already own
the good groups, but are looking now for the corresponding crystal. A ten
dimensional crystal. They have the groups, but not the object. They have the
keystone, but not the edifice accompanying it.

All this gives rise to truly surrealistic exchanges in
colloquia, like that which recently took place in Aspen, Colorado. The journal
Scientific American reported in its issue of January 1996, in an article entitled
"Explaining everything," by Madhusree Mukerjee, staff writer. [...]

Seeking this magical object supposed to organize the ten-dimensional
universe, some people speak about "studded spheres," hedgehogs bristling with
vectors, or "hairy caterpillars," membranes with five dimensions (Duff, of
London's Imperial College), capable of rolling onto themselves "like the skin
of a sausage."

Schwarz, of Caltech (one of the pioneers of the theory),
adds, "I should have been a truck driver!"

Others speak of "black holes with zero mass."

Jeffrey A. Harvey, of the University of Chicago, cried
out:

"Does that mean that your black holes have zero mass?
Do they move at the speed of light?"

"No, they have nothing, no momentum," Gary T. Horowitz
of the University of California at Santa Barbara turns to reply.

"Oh, baloney!" That was Leonard Susskind of Stanford.

They have no energy, no momentum -- there's nothing there!"
Harvey protests.

Strominger: "Somewhere in the universe portions of space
might exist in the shape of little drops, entering into which black holes
would be transformed into strings, and vice-versa. In our environment these
little drops could seem to navigate in virtual universes, which would exist
for an infinitesimal period of time, since they would immediately disappear,
before they could be observed.

Susskind: "I personally think it's a lot of crap."

In 1986 someone asked a researcher to sum up the "Theory
of Everything" in seven words, and he answered:

• Oh, Lord, why have you forsaken me?

All this is interesting, but it's not over, as we can see.
Never in the history of physics has a body of theory given rise to such convulsions
as now, when ten articles are being published on the subject every day. And
we cannot say whether the mountain will give birth to a mouse or the mouse
to a mountain.

Anyway, some superstring men :

• Schwarz (Caltech)

• Green (Queen Mary College)

• Nobel Price winner Abdus Salam (Director of the theoretical
  physics center of Trieste, Italy and professr at the Imperial College London).

Their starting point : the E8 x
E8 .

Reference : "Superstrings, a theory of everything ? ".
PC.W.Davis & J.Brown, Cambridge University Press 1988.

John Schwarz :

The second symmetry refers to another kind of matter,
that we often call shadow-matter. Such shadow-objects would be invisible to
us.

Michael Green:

From the theory, we find a new kind of matter we could
not observe directly, optically, for it should interact with normal matter
through gravitational force only. But shadow particles could interact one
with the other through other forces.

Abdus Salam :

From superstring theory we can build another universe
which would interact with ours only through gravitational force. This could
explain why supersymmetry is broken in our own universe and could bring some
original insight on the problem of the different particles mass spectrum.

Anyway, nothing more seems to come, except these short
sentences.

How could we imagine two worlds interacting only through
gravitation? Let us return to the checkers board, with the two distinct players
teams.