A
cosmological model : The twin bang. (p.7)
Negative lensing effect.
Astrophysicists say :
- The observed strong gravitational
effects are a definite proof of the existence of dark material inside galaxies
and clusters of galaxies. We can even use it to map the dark matter distribution
in space.
...But
a hidden ghost mass, located in the adjacent portion of the ghost fold, produces
a negative gravitational lensing effect :
...Similarly
the ghost matter gradient bends the light rays, at the vicinity of a galaxy
confined in its lacuna :
(172)
As presented first in :
J*.P.Petit : "Twin Universes cosmology".Astronomy and Space Science 226
: 273-307, 1995*
we suggest that the strong observed
gravitational effects are not due to dark matter located inside galaxies and
clusters of galaxies but to the external environment of ghost matter.
This is an alternative
interpretation of the phenomenon.
An alternative theory for spiral
structure.
...Some
researchers, like the French astrophysicist Françoise Combe, deal with
a two-populations system : observed material of a galaxy, plus a certain amount
of "cold hydrogen", so cold that it cannot be proved. In the paper :
J.P.Petit and F.Landsheat : Matter ghost matter astrophysics. 6 : Spiral
structure. Geometrical Physics A, 9 , 1998.
we use two sets of
5000 interacting points. It is not necessary to double the images. If Nicolas
Lecot had finished the job, normally, when exploring the paper you will see
the formation of a very good looking barred spiral.
...As
Napoleon used to say :
- A good sketch is better than
a long talk.
...But
a good movie is better than a succession of fixed images.
...See
the paper for technical discussion. This work was done in 1993 and required
a powerful system. F.Landsheat had one when he worked on Daisy particles accelerator
(Germany). Landsheat was not an astrophsicist but, following my indications,
he got the desired result. Now he works in another laboratory and cannot use
such a powerfull computer. So... this is the end of the story.
The radiative era.
...As
evoked in preceeding section, a cosmological model with initial linear evolution
laws :
arises immediately a severe problem
for early time. The expansion would be much too slow, unable to freeze the
nuclear reactions. For an example all the primeval hydrogen would be converted
into helium.
Then we went back to former papers
:
- J.P.Petit, Mod. Phys. Lett. A3 (1988) 1527
- J.P.Petit, Mod. Phys. Lett. A3 (1988) 1733
- J.P.Petit, Mod. Phys. Lett. A4 (1989) 2201
( not reproduced in the present site )
and to :
J.P.Petit : Twin Universe Cosmology : Astronomy and Space Science 226
: 273-307, 1995 and Geometrical Physics A , 2.
...We
applyied the idea to radiative era.
...Our
physics depends on a certain set of physical constants : G : h , c , the masses,
etc...
..Classically
one considers that it is impossible that any constant may vary in time. People
say :
...-
Suppose such a constant varies in time. Then it causes this... and this. But
we don't observe it. So this peculiar constant cannot vary in time.
...But
noboby has suggested joint variations , where all the constants may
vary together . In the afore-mentioned papers we showed that such joint
variations could be built, which kept all equations invariant :
- Field equation.
- Schrödinger equations.
- Maxwell equations.
...As
a consequence it becomes impossible to prove such variations of the constants,
with lab equipment, for they undergo the same phenomenon. Trying to prove
the variation of constants with lab's equipment is like trying to evidence
the dilatation of an iron table, due to temperature change, measuring its
length with a rule made of the same metal.
In the paper :
Jean-Pierre Petit : Matter ghost-matter astrophysics.3 : The radiative
era :The problem of the "origin" of the universe. The problem of the homogeneity
of the early universe. Geometrical Physics A , 6 , 1998.
when
rr
rrcr
we get :
(174)
...G
being the constant of gravity, m the mass, h the Planck constant, c the velocity
of light and e the electric charge.
...This
model gives an a posteriori justification. All scientists know that
the remarkable homogeneity of early universe is hardly justified by the Standard
Model. In the early time the cosmological horizon ct was smaller than the
mean distance between particles ( scale factor R(t)
), so they could not interact. Then it appeared necessary to introduceinflation idea (due to the Russian Linde). One assumes that the universe
inflates like hell immediatly "after the beginning". But all that is too far
away to be clear. The only a posteriori justification of Linde's inflation
theory is... the homogeneity of the universe. We present here an alternative
solution. In the Standard Model we have :
(175)
In the new model, with"variable
constants"
c was infinite "when t = 0".
...The
cosmological horizon becomes an integral :
(175 bis)
i.e :
(176)
...So
that homogeneity is ensured at any epoch.
