双子宇宙对抗暗物质、暗能量和宇宙常数

En résumé (grâce à un LLM libre auto-hébergé)

  • 这篇文章质疑了黑洞的存在,指出其模型来自于描述宇宙中空旷区域的方程。
  • 提出了一种对施瓦茨希尔德几何结构的替代解释,涉及连接两个宇宙的时空隧道。
  • 文章讨论了旋转对光的影响,并暗示与黑洞相关的悖论可能与坐标选择有关。

双子宇宙对抗暗物质、暗能量和宇宙常数

22)黑洞并不存在。

黑洞模型源自何处?来自零第二项的场方程。令人惊讶的是,这样一个密度极高的物体却源于最初用于描述宇宙中空旷区域的方程。克尔张量并没有带来太多新内容:物体变得更为复杂而已。旋转导致了方位角框架拖拽现象,这意味着光速根据观察方向是向前还是向后而有所不同。无论采用何种技术,一旦越过视界进入内部,事情就会变得非常病态。在中心是“奇点”。我们先做一个练习。考虑二维度规(a)。如果我们把r看作径向距离,j看作极角,那么当r < Rs时会出现问题。但如果我们引入变化(b),度规的表达式就变为(c)。所有病态现象都消失了。此外,这个表面可以嵌入R3中:子午线方程是(d)。见图25,我们描绘了一条测地线。这说明病态可能取决于坐标选择错误和拓扑选择错误。

在三维示例中,我们计算了平面测地线(见图26),它们被投影到初始的(r,q,j)表示空间中。我们得到一个“喉部球体”,连接两个欧几里得三维空间。里面什么也没有。对于r < Rs的空间没有物理意义。如果我们试图在该处计算测地线,我们将得到一个虚数解。

disparition_pathologies

。25:带有“桥”连接两个褶皱的表面的二维度规。

。26:带有“空间桥”的三维度规超曲面。测地线。

coordonnees_space_bridge

经典上,我们引入固有时s(j)和“时间坐标”t(i)。然后研究径向测地线得到两个微分方程(k)和(l),其解对应于曲线(m),图6.2,参考文献[52]。

图(m)中显示的曲线是黑洞模型的基础。我们将坐标t与“远处观察者”的固有时联系起来,这样测试粒子向施瓦茨希尔德球体自由下落的时间对他来说是无限的。让我们证明这完全是因为时间坐标的特殊选择。1925年,爱丁顿提出了一个新的时间标记(p)。

随后,研究相应的径向测地线。

我们使用拉格朗日方程。在右边,我们看到沿径向路径的光速有两个值。(ν = -1)对应于向心路径:速度有一个恒定值 - c。同样(在左边),从远处点到施瓦茨希尔德球体的传输时间取决于路径的方向。向心(ν = -1)自由下落时间在有限时间间隔Dt内完成。相反,离心路径(ν = +1),从施瓦茨希尔德球体出发,给出无限时间间隔,因此施瓦茨希尔德球体像一个单向膜一样起作用。这对应于径向框架拖拽效应。这并不是拒绝施瓦茨希尔德几何解释的理由。事实上,我们在克尔张量中也发现了类似的现象(方位角框架拖拽)。接下来是克尔张量的经典表达式。我们看到,我们得到了光的方位角速度的两个不同值。根据我们考虑光是沿旋转方向还是反方向。

我们可以对施瓦茨希尔德几何给出一个新的解释,通过一个连接两个褶皱F和F的空间桥。如果褶皱F对应于双子褶皱,时间坐标t = -t(T对称性)。根据第19节,我们知道这种T对称性伴随着质量的反转,因此当正质量穿过施瓦茨希尔德球体(视为喉部表面)时,其符号变为负。第13节中呈现的共轭几何对应于将Rs替换为 - Rs。然后我们引入以下类似爱丁顿的时间标记变化:

仍然使用拉格朗日方程,我们研究径向测地线系统,并在两个褶皱之间建立联系。

a_test_particle

但反向路径需要无限时间,因此这是从一个宇宙到另一个宇宙的单向通道。在这里,我们再次发现一个框架拖拽效应,但方向相反。

在传输过程中,固有时流保持不变:ds > O。这使黑洞模型变得有问题。事实上,根据施瓦茨希尔德几何的新解释,这样的空间桥可以在很短的时间内(≈10-4秒)吞噬无限量的物质。相比之下,基于克尔张量的分析,虽然稍微复杂一些,但结果相似。

随后,求解测地线系统。

如何表示这样的路径?我们可以使用初始的(r,q,j)表示空间。然后我们得到上面的微分方程组和图27的图示。

。27:输入和输出测地线

测地线似乎“反弹”在施瓦茨希尔德球体上,如图28所示。

** legende_figure_28 **

但这一切都源于对路径的天真欧几里得表示。使用以下空间标记的变化:

formule_avec_log

联合度规的表达式变为:

space_bridge

。29:快速流动空间桥的教学图像

参考文献。

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****论文摘要

原始版本(英文)

univers jumeaux contre matiere sombre matiere noire et constante cosmologique

  1. **Black holes do not exist. **

Where the black hole model does come from ? From the null second member field equation. Paradoxically such very dense object rises from an equation which was initially built to describe empty regions of the Universe. The Kerr metric does not bring so much : the object becomes more complex, that’s all. Rotation brings an azimutal frame-dragging phenomenon, which means that the speed of light is different if one looks forward or backward with respect to the spinning movement. Whatever is the technique you choose, the things become frankly pathological when you pass the horizon and get in. At the centre lies “the singularity”. Let us start with an exercise. Consider the 2d metric (a). If we consider r as a radial distance and j as a polar angle, we get problems for r < Rs. But if we introduce the change (b) the expression of the metric becomes (c). All pathologies disappear. Moreover this surface can be imbedded in R3 : the meridian equation is (d). See figure 25 where we have figured a geodesic. This illustrates the fact that a pathology can depend on a wrong choice of coordinates and on a wrong choice of topology.

In the 3d example we have computed (plane) geodesics ( see figure 26 ) which are projected on the initial (r,q,j) representation space. We get a “throat sphere” linking two Euclidean 3d spaces. There is nothing inside. Space for r < Rs has no physical meaning. If we would try to compute geodesics in that place, we would find an imaginary solution.

disparition_pathologies

Fig. 25 : 2d metric of a surface with a “bridge” linking two folds.

Fig. 26 : 3d metric hypersurface with a “space bridge”. Geodesics.

coordonnees_space_bridge

Classically, one introduce a proper time s (j) and a “time-coordinate t (i). Then the study of radial geodesics gives two differential equations (k) and (l), whose solutions correspond to curves (m), fig. 6.2, reference [52].

The curves shown on figure (m) are the basis of the black hole model. One identifies the coordinate t to the proper time of a “distant observer” so that the free fall time of a test particle, towards the Schwarzshild Sphere become infinite for him. Let us show that this is completely due to this peculiar choice of time coordinate. In [54] 1925 Eddington suggested a new time-marker (p).

Following, the study of corresponding radial geodesics.

We use Lagrange equations. On the right we see that the speed of light, following radial paths has two values. ( nu = - 1 ) corresponds to centripetal paths : the speed has a constant value – c. Similarly (left) the transit time from a distant point to the Schwarzschild sphere depends on the orientation of the paths. Centripetal ( nu = - 1 ) free fall time is achieved in finite time interval Dt . Oppositely a centrifugal path ( nu = + 1 ), starting from the Schwarzschild sphere gives an infinite time interval, so that the Schwarzschild sphere works like a one-way membrane. This corresponds to a radial frame-dragging effect. This is not a reason to reject this interpretation of the Schwarzschild geometry. In effect we find a similar phenomenon in the Kerr metric ( azimutal frame-dragging). Next, the classical expression of the Kerr metric. We see that we get two distinct values for azimutal speed of light. Depends if we consider light following the rotation or going backwards.

We can give a new interpretation of the Schwarzschild geometry, through a space-bridge linking two folds F and F. If the fold F corresponds to the twin fold, the time coordinate t = - t ( T-symmetry). From section 19 we know that this T-symmetry goes with a mass-inversion, so that when a positive mass passes through the Schwarzschild sphere, considered as a throat surface, the sign of it becomes negative. The conjugated geometry, as presented in section 13 corresponds to change Rs into – Rs. Then we introduce the following Eddington-like time marker change :

Still using Lagrange’s equation we study the radial geodesics system and build a link between the two folds.

a_test_particle

But the inverse paths requires an infinite time, so that it is a one-way passage from a Universe to the other. Here again we find a frame-dragging effect, in the opposite direction.

During the transit the proper time flow is unchanged : ds > O . This makes the black hole model questionable. In effect, according to this new interpretation of the Schwarzschild geometry such space bridge can swallow in a very short time ( » 10-4 sec) unlimited amounts of matter. By the way, an analysis based on the Kerr metric, although a little bit more complicated gives similar results.

Following, the solution of the geodesic systems.

How to figure such paths ? We can use the initial ( r , q , j ) representation space. Then we get the above system of differential equations and the schema of figure 27 .

Fig.27 : Income and outcome geodesics.

The geodesic seems to “bounce” on the Schwarzschild sphere, as shown of figure 28 too.

** legende_figure_28 **

But all that comes from such naïve Euclidean representation of the path. Using the following change of space marker :

formule_avec_log

The expression of joint metrics become :

space_bridge

Fig. 29 : Didactic image of a fast flow space bridge.

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****Paper's Summary