特殊伽利略组及其参数

En résumé (grâce à un LLM libre auto-hébergé)

  • 本文讨论了伽利略群及其扩展,特别是特殊伽利略群。
  • 它解释了伽利略群如何依赖于多个参数以及如何对其进行扩展。
  • 本文提到引入了一个新的维度和一个额外的量,即质量。

a4124

24

伽利略特殊群。

...读者可以在Souriau的书中找到这个扩展:《动力系统结构》,Birkhäuser出版社,1997年,以及法语版《动力系统结构》,Dunod出版社,1973年。

...一个群可以被扩展。这意味着它所依赖的参数数量将增加。计算伽利略群所依赖的参数数量。我们从三维旋转矩阵开始:
(322)

这是一个正交矩阵:
(323)

这些矩阵构成了SO(3)群,它是O(3)群的一个子群,O(3)群由所有正交矩阵组成。我们有:
(324)

回忆一下与以下内容的区别:
(325) (325b)

是更一般的正交矩阵,它们的行列式满足:
(326)

这段话到此结束。

下一个5×5矩阵群将被称为伽利略特殊群:
(327)

旋转矩阵依赖于三个自由参数,即欧拉角。因此,群的维度是十。

使用以下符号:
(328)

我们得到:
(329)

与时空向量相关联:
(330)

因此,特殊伽利略群的相应作用是:
(331)

...给定特殊伽利略群,可以计算该群在其动量空间上的作用。这里不会给出该计算。读者可以在我的群论课程中找到。

让我们给出结果:
(332)

我们认出动量 **p **和能量 E。动量由以下组成:
(333) JSG = { E , p , f , **l **}

...十个标量量。群的十个维度。我们还有传递向量 **f **和反对称自旋矩阵 **l **(由三个独立分量 lx、ly、lz 组成,形成“自旋向量”)。


特殊伽利略群的平凡扩展。

以下矩阵构成一个新群。
(334)

它引入了一个新的标量分量 f,即“相位”(与量子世界有关)。群的维度变为 10 + 1 = 11。

这个新群作用在一个五维空间上:
(335)

z 是一个“额外维度”。它首先由波兰人Kaluza于1921年引入,然后由J.M. Souriau于1964年引入(《几何与相对论》,Hermann出版社,未翻译成英文)。

再次,可以计算该群在其动量空间上的相应共轭作用。我们得到:
(336)

动量变为:
(337) JTESG = { m , E , p , **f **, **l **}

...我们多了一个标量 m,并将其识别为质量。我们看到,作用在时空上的特殊伽利略群带来了能量,但没有质量作为动量的一个组成部分。目前(通过平凡扩展),我们的粒子获得了一个额外的属性,被识别为质量,但这种识别非常随意,并且不与其他动量分量相互作用。

Index 动态群理论

原始版本(英文)

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The special Galileo's group.

...The reader will find this extension in Souriau's book : Structure of Dynamical Systems, Birkhasuer Ed. 1997 and, in french, Structure des Systèmes Dynamiques, Ed. Dunod 1973.

...A group can be extended. It mean that the number of the parameters it depends on will be increased. Compute the number of parameters which the Galileo's group depends on. We start from the 3d rotation matrix :
(322)

It's an orthogonal matrix :
(323)

these matrixes form the groups SO(3) which a sub-group of the group O(3) composed of all the orthogonal matrixes. We have :
(324)

Recall the difference with :
(325) (325b)

are the most general orthogonal matrixes, whose determinants obey :
(326)

End of this parenthesis.

The next group of square matrixes (5,5) will be called the special Galileo group :
(327)

The rotation matrix depends on three free parameters, the Euler's angles. So that the dimension of the group is ten.

Using the notations :
(328)

we get :
(329)

Associated to the space time vector :
(330)

so that the corresponding action of the Spacial Galileo's group is :
(331)

...Given the Special Galileo's group, it is possible to compute the action of the group on its momentume space. The calculation will not be given here. The the reader can find it in my lectures of groups, available.

Let us give the result :
(332)

We recognize the momentum **p **and the energy E. The momentum is composed by :
(333) JSG = { E , p , f , **l **}

...Ten scalar quantities. Ten dimensions for the group. We still have the passage vector **f and the antisymmetric spin matrix l **(composed by three independent components lx , ly , lz , forming the "spin vector" ).


The trivial extension of the Special Galileo's group.

The next matrixes form a new group.
(334)

It introduces a new component f, a scalar, the "phasis" ( connected to quantum world ). The dimension of the group becomes 10 + 1 = 11

This new group acts on a five dimensional space :
(335)

z is an "additional dimension". It was first introduced by the Polish Kaluza, in 1921, then by J.M.Souriau, in 1964 (Géométrie et relativité Hermann Editeur, not translated in English ).

Here again, one can compute the corresponding coadjoint action of the group on its momentum space. We find this :
(336)

The momentum becomes :
(337) JTESG = { m , E , p , **f **, **l **}

...We have one more scalar m and we identify it to the mass. We see that the Special Galileo's group, acting on space time, brings the energy, but not the mass, as a component of the momentum. At the present time ( through trivial extension ) our particle gets an additional attribute, which is identified to the mass, very arbitrarly, and which does not interact with the other components of the momentum.

Index Dynamic Groups Theory