PQ4
……现在让我们想象一下(数据来自文章)一组四个儿童弹珠,仍然处于三维表示空间中,形成一个四面体(一个非常可定向的物体),并沿着“测地线径向”掉入一个球形凹槽。
它们会“从凹槽球体上弹开”(根据我们选择的表示空间的图像)。实际上,测地线在三维超曲面上是连续的。
我记得小时候,经常在楼梯扶手的末端找到镀铬的球。如果你生活在一个有这种东西的地方,你可以自己尝试这个实验,把小钢珠扔上去。
反弹之后,这四个弹珠会形成一个倒置的四面体:
让我们放大四面体的尺寸,以便更清楚地看到倒置。在初始配置中,它呈现如下:
我们“对它的面进行定向”。例如,我们给路线ADB赋予一个方向等,以便将“运动”与一个点朝外的螺旋钻的运动进行比较(箭头)。因此,四个面被定向了。现在,让我们将这个四面体与由“从凹槽球体上弹开”的弹珠形成的四面体进行比较:
面的定向被反转了。如果我的图更精确一些,这两个物体就会位于镜子的两侧,一个是另一个的对映异构体。
施瓦茨希尔德也是如此:物体“在另一边”重新出现,如果我们能“透明地看到它们”,它们会呈现为对映异构体。但我们无法“透明地看到它们”。为了让我们“看到它们”,光子必须能够在两个“相邻”区域之间建立通信,这两个区域是“时空的两侧”,因此是P对称的。
顺便说一句,“非径向”轨迹又如何呢?测地线的计算给出了在施瓦茨希尔德球体上“反弹”的平面轨迹。参见下图。
关于变量时间的问题,前面简要提到过,仍然存在。正如我所说,我们有绝对的权利选择任何变量。选择完全是任意的,因为物体,时空超曲面是一个“不变坐标”,它独立于用来标记上述点的坐标选择,这些点是“事件点”,一个时空物体的点,一个四维超曲面。
那么,时间是什么,空间又是什么,如果这一切都是任意的呢?
有一个我们无法触及的时间,即超曲面唯一的内在标量:那就是它的固有时。它的固有时是时空超空间中的“长度”。假设物体可以沿着测地线(四维)移动。取测地线上两点(A,B)。这两点之间的长度Ds,除以c,一个常数,即远离凹槽球体区域的光速,以及它的固有时周期,是两个“事件”之间的固有时Dt,无论选择何种时空坐标系统。
Ds是唯一具有内在物理意义的量。
想象一下,你沿着地球表面沿着测地线(大圆)从点A移动到点B。如果你说:
- 我从一个经度jA和纬度qA的点移动到一个经度jB和纬度qB的点。
这些量(jB - jA)和(qB - qA)意味着什么?它们将取决于你选择的极点和参考点。但如果你说:
- 我走了2347公里。
这个测量值无论你选择的参考坐标系统如何都有意义。
我们通过球体看到,我们可以使用突出一个或多个奇点的坐标。极点是一个经度不再定义的地方。我们也看到,通过简单的坐标变换,我们可以使“表面的不受欢迎区域(或r < Rs)消失”,并在那里找到一个纯虚数的长度元素Ds。事实上,正是由于施瓦茨希尔德度规的初始形式引入了一个纯虚数的长度(固有时)元素,我们才认为自己“在超曲面之外”。不存在绝对的坐标系统。但我们可以选择一个空间坐标,至少使奇点消失,这就是我们所做的。同样,也没有“绝对的宇宙时间”。与Midy在我们最近的文章中一起,我们展示了“初始奇点”——被看作“我们宇宙的创世时刻”——是时间标记变量的特定选择的结果,而不同的选择将使初始奇点消失,就像同名的正弦一样,同时保留所有可观测的量,尤其是红移。问题“大爆炸之前是什么”不再有意义。令人不安,我承认,但这个问题源于时空范式。它等同于“黑洞中心有什么”?因此,使用“爱丁顿时间”(变量变换如上所述)改变时间坐标是完全合法的,只要它能将这种局部几何结构与闵可夫斯基时空(相对论空间,即狭义相对论意义上的平坦、无弯曲、空的空间)联系起来。但我们的想法是能够用一个度规描述整个时空。再次强调,线索在于群论和对施瓦茨希尔德度规的“等距群”的研究。
等距群包含所有使度规保持不变的几何变换(因此是不变的超曲面)。球体的等距群是空间中的旋转群,加上对称性(相对于通过其中心的平面或轴,或相对于中心点)。我们称这个群为O3(“三维正交群”的缩写)。(参见《几何物理学B》的引言。所有这些都在其中。)然而,如果我们去除相对于轴、平面或点的对称性,它就变成了SO3(“三维特殊正交群”)。
施瓦茨希尔德的几何具有对称性。到目前为止,我们习惯于赋予它SO3对称性(空间中的旋转)。但实际上,它具有O3等距群,因此包含P对称性(相对于一点的对称性)。回到我们之前使用的四面体。它相对于一点的对称性是手性,是第一类P对称性的第一个例子。
在网站的“群”部分,我们展示了群如何“产生空间”,更准确地说,产生几何对象。Souriau称它们为“群的种类”。因此,不是球体产生SO3群,而是相反。球体是这个群的种类。种类在分类学意义上的术语(分类学:物种分类的科学)。我们之前说过,有时物理学家在没有意识到的情况下做数学,反之亦然。相对论物理和群论的进步始于本世纪初:Klein、Poincaré、Lorentz、Cartan等,都追随了挪威天才Sophus Lie的工作。一切开始变得清晰。是物理学家的工作刺激了数学家,还是相反?毫无疑问,他们互相刺激。狭义相对论有自己的时空,即闵可夫斯基时空(由其“度规”定义)。它的“等距群”是庞加莱群,它本身建立在洛伦兹群的基础上(参见《几何物理学B》的引言)。Souriau在他的书《动力系统结构》(Dunod 1974年,第197至200页)中首次表明,庞加莱群“产生了回溯性物体”,这与它们质量的反转同时发生。因此,我们可以看到这个机制:物理学家发现了物理现象,例如光速的不变性:迈克尔逊-莫雷实验。数学家则用群论重新解释这一点。但群中存在一些元素似乎指向新的物体:负质量。
这让物理学家皱起眉头。如果一个负质量遇到一个正质量,结果将是……零,什么也没有。不要与物质-反物质湮灭(实际上具有正质量)相混淆,它会产生等量的光子形式的能量-物质。因为负质量m* = -m具有负能量E* = m*c² = -mc²,计算结果是……零。在25年的时间里,Souriau发现的负质量一直被认为是“纯粹的数学奇观”(Souriau本人实际上也这么认为)。
1998年,我构建了一个几何双生上下文(参见几何物理学的文章)。本文是对工作的通俗化(来自文章“有疑问的黑洞”),并基于群论。首先,我注意到施瓦茨希尔德度规不是SO3×R(三维旋转加时间平移,这表示物体在时间上是不变的,是静态的),而是O3×E1(包括P对称性和T对称性)。这是扩展几何上下文的线索,与1924年Eddington的观点一致。对称性则被用于“PT对称”模型:在双生宇宙中,时空坐标被反转,这一想法最初由Andrei Sakharov于1967年提出。
这一切听起来复杂吗?让一个高等数学学生看看狭义相对论的闵可夫斯基度规:
ds² = c² dt² - dx² - dy² - dz²
将
t ...变为 -t
x ...变为 -x
y ...变为 -z
z ...变为 -z
不变性。等距群(使这个度规保持不变的群)更大(即“包含四个部分”的庞加莱群)。这个变换只是整体的一部分,但你可以看到闵可夫斯基度规在PT对称性下保持不变。
狭义相对论的度规与相对论空间
(t , x , y , z )
但也可以描述一个时空坐标被反转的宇宙(与我们的是PT对称的)。它们不是快子。没有这样的东西。在这个次级宇宙中,速度仍然是亚光速的。
总之,施瓦茨希尔德度规在Eddington观点的重新审视下变成了PT对称的。因此,时间坐标在穿过凹槽球体时应该“自然地”反转。这意味着,如果一个潜在的太空船乘客进入双生宇宙,他所经历的时间会被反转吗?时间只是一个坐标。在地球上,当你穿过赤道时,你的纬度会变成负数,但你不会开始倒着走……
我们随后将这种几何结构纳入了一个更大的上下文,即十维空间,根据Wiener和Graustein的定理,这个数字是接收n维空间(n大于2)所需的最小维度数。
这六个额外的维度已经在《几何物理学B》中介绍的文章中被引入。它们涉及量子方面。结论如下:
-
物质-反物质的对偶性存在于宇宙的两侧。
-
当物质粒子穿过对应于施瓦茨希尔德几何的超环桥时,它对引力场的贡献被反转。自1994年以来在《Nuovo Cimento》中提出的场方程系统(在《几何物理学》中重印)因此得到确认,我们以通俗的方式在《我们失去了宇宙的一半》(Albin Michel)中展示的发展也是如此。
-
当物质粒子穿过这些“超球形隧道”之一时,物质仍然存在(但CPT对称)。反物质粒子也是如此。
然而,在这种情况下,传输时间是有限的。因此,黑洞不可能存在。当施瓦茨希尔德几何被错误的变量选择和错误的“几何上下文”所操控时,导致了这种“时间冻结”,我们认为这是一个数学上的技巧。
但如果黑洞不存在,那质量超过致命临界值(两个太阳质量:这将使中心的压力趋向于无穷大)的中子星又会怎样呢?
下图显示了压力值(以“对数”坐标表示)根据中子星中心的距离(假设密度恒定),对于不同外部半径(因此质量)的值,这些值是通过使用经典的托尔曼-奥本海默-沃尔科夫模型获得的。临界曲线对应于两个太阳质量。
我们可以看到,只要恒星的质量远低于临界值,中心的压力增加仍然是适度的。但一旦质量接近临界值,中心的压力就会迅速趋向于无穷大(临界曲线)。
文章的其余部分呈现的是一个模型项目,而不是一个模型。我们认为,压力的突然上升应该会对“物理常数”产生影响,包括局部光速的值,它也应该趋向于无穷大。我们认为,这将导致在恒星中心打开一个超环桥。作为指导,我们使用TOV模型计算了质量超过临界值(两个太阳质量)时的压力,这会导致压力趋向于无穷大(物理性质的临界性),但低于2.5个太阳质量,这对应于经典的“几何临界性”:当施瓦茨希尔德半径达到恒星的外部半径。由于TOV模型基于一个静态解,显然它作为模型没有价值。然而,值得注意的是,随着质量的增加,从恒星中心向外扩展的球体(压力为无穷大)的扩展速度非常快。
压力曲线似乎向右拉伸,像一根“鞭子”。
(请注意,我们使用了“无限”这个词,而不久之前我们质疑了这个词的合法性。我们可以说,当压力超过某个极限值时,这种现象会发生。但这可能需要我们将量子贡献整合到模型中。Pierre Midy和我开始研究这个问题。我们认为有两种可能的场景。
温和版本:一个中子星接收来自伴星(恒星风)的物质流,使其质量达到两个太阳质量,这将使中心的压力趋向于无穷大。然后在其中心打开一个超空间桥,通过这个桥,多余物质被排出。当它进入双生宇宙时,其质量被反转,被中子星排斥,中子星感受到并对其转移的质量表现出排斥行为。通过超空间桥的排出以相对速度进行,结构的大小(即球形凹槽的表面)取决于所需的流量。如果输入是连续的,超空间桥将像一个“持续运行的溢流”一样工作,确保泄漏流量。下图显示了中子星的两个亚临界区域:
以及带有“泄漏流”的情况:
强烈版本:两颗中子星的合并。这个过程会更加剧烈。超空间桥将迅速形成并增长,以相对速度吞噬大部分质量。这一切将伴随着引力波和“伽马跃迁”的发射。我们认为只有一部分质量会被转移。事实上,一旦物质穿过另一边,其质量被反转,并对引力场产生负贡献。这样做会减少中子星上的初始引力压力。然而,只有正确开发的非静态解决方案,参考一个非球对称的物体(对于中子星来说,这想法不太现实)但轴对称的,才能开始提供答案。
我们之前提到过这个方面,专家可能会说:
- 中子星不能具有球对称性。黑洞不是来自施瓦茨希尔德度规,而是来自克尔度规,它不同(它具有不同的等距群)。
目前,Midy和我正在使用克尔度规重新审视这一切,它似乎没有技术上的困难。凹槽表面不再是球形,而是简单地变为椭圆形。
回到超空间传输模型项目。这个“强烈”现象可能会将大部分质量转移到双生宇宙。一旦“引力张力”足够降低,超空间桥将自动关闭。这个现象可能非常短暂,仅持续几分之一秒。
原始版本(英文)
PQ4
...Let us now try to imagine (the figures are taken from the article) a group of four children's marbles, still in a 3d representation space, which form a tetrahedron (a very orientable object) and which fall into a sphere-shaped gorge sphere, according to "geodesic radials".
They will "bounce off" the gorge sphere (according to the imagery of our choice of representation space. In fact the geodesics are continuous in the 3d hypersurface).
I remember, when I was younger, you often found chrome balls at the ends of stairway banisters. If you live somewhere that has this sort of thing you can try the experience for yourself by throwing small steel marbles at it.
After the rebound the four marbles will form an inverted tetrahedron :
Let us increase the size of the tetrahedron so that we can see the inversion more clearly. In the initial configuration it presents itself in the following way :
We are "orienting" its faces. For example we give the route ADB a direction etc., in such a way as to compare the "movement" to that of a corkscrew with its point towards the exterior (arrows). The four faces are thus oriented. Let us now compare this tetrahedron with that formed by the marbles that "rebounded" from the gorge sphere :
The orientation of the faces has been inverted. If my drawing had been more precise the two objects would have been placed on either side of a mirror, one being the enantiomorphic image of the other.
It's the same thing for Schwarzschild : objects reappear "on the other side", and if we could "see them in transparency" they would appear enantiomorphic. But we can't "see them in transparency". For us to "see" the photons must be able to set up communication between two "adjacent" regions on either of the two "sides of space-time", which are therefore P-symmetric.
In passing, what of "non-radial" trajectories ? Calculations of geodesics give planar trajectories which "rebound" on the Schwarzschild sphere. See the following figure.
The question of variable time, briefly touched on above, remains. As I said, we have the complete right to choose any variable we like. The choice is completely arbitrary as the object, the space-time hypersurface, is an "invariant coordinate", it exists independently of the choice of coordinates used to mark the points shown above, which are "event-points", points of a spatio-temporal object, a 4d hypersurface.
So, what is time then, what is space if all that is arbitrary ?
There is one time that we cannot touch, the only intrinsic scalar of the hypersurface : it is its proper time. Its proper time is "length" in spatio-temporal hyperspace. Let us suppose that objects can move along geodesics (4d). Let us take a couple of points (A, B) on a geodesic. The length Ds which separates the two points, divided by c, a constant, the speed of light in a region far from the gorge sphere as it happens, and the period of its proper time, is the lapse of own time Dt separating the two "events", and this whatever spatio-temporal coordinates are chosen.
Ds is the only quantity to have an intrinsic physical sense.
Imagine that you are moving over the terrestrial globe along a geodesic (a big circle), going from point A to point B. If you say :
- I went from a point of longitude jA and latitude qA to a point of longitude jB and latitude qB
what is meant by the quantities (jB - jA) et (jB - jA) ? They will be dependent on the points you chose for your poles, on your choice of marker points. However if you said :
- I've travelled 2,347 kilometres.
The measure would mean something whatever marker coordinate system you had chosen.
We saw with the sphere that we could use coordinates that show up one or several singularities. A pole is a place where longitude is no longer defined. We also saw how, with a simple change of coordinates, we could make an "undesirable region of a surface (or r<Rs) disappear and where we would find a purely imaginary element of length Ds. Indeed, it is the fact that in its initial formulation the Schwarzschild metric brings a purely imaginary element of length (proper time) that we supposed that we were "off hypersurface". There is no absolute coordinate system. But we can decide to make the choice of a coordinate in space that at least makes singularities disappear, which is what we have done. Nor is there any "absolute cosmic time". With Midy, in our latest paper, we showed that the "initial singularity", considered as the "instant of the creation of our universe", is a result of a particular choice of time marker variable and that a different choice would keep all observables, beginning with the redshift, but would make the original singularity disappear like the sin of the same name. The question "what was there before the Big Bang ?" no longer makes sense. Troubling, I agree, but the question results from a spatio-temporal paradigm. It is equivalent to "what is there at the centre of a black hole ?" It is therefore perfectly licit to change the temporal coordinate by using "Eddington time" (the change of variable was shown above), inasmuch as it allows this local geometric structure to be joined to Minkowski space-time, that of relativist space (in the sense of special relativity) and flat, without curves, empty. But the idea is to be able to describe the whole of space-time with just one metric. Once again the guiding thread is to be found in group theory and in examining the 'isometry group" of the Schwarzschild metric.
The isometry group contains every geometric transformation that leaves the metric invariant (therefore an invariant hypersurface). The object sphere's isometry group is the group of rotation in space plus symmetries (in relation to a plane or an axis through its centre, in relation to a point that is this centre). We call this group O3 (an abbreviation of "orthogonal group of size 3"). (See Introduction to Geometrical Physics B. All this is in there.) However if we remove the symmetries in relation to an axis, a plane or a point, it becomes SO3 ("special orthogonal group of size 3").
Schwarzschild geometry has symmetries. Until now we have been used to giving it S03 symmetry (rotations in space). But in fact it has an isometry group O3, and so contains P-symmetry (symmetry in relation to a point). Let us go back to the tetrahedron we used earlier. Its symmetry in relation to a point is enantiomorphic, a first class p-symmetric.
In the section 'groups' on the site we showed how the group "secreted space" or, more precisely secreted geometric objects. Souriau calls them group "species". So it is not the sphere that engenders the SO3 group, but the opposite. The spheres are species of this group. Species in the taxonomic sense of the term (Taxonomy : science of the classification of species). We said earlier that sometimes physicians do mathematics without realising it and vice-versa. Relativist physics and the progress made in groups date from the beginning of the century : Klein, Poincaré, Lorentz, Cartan, etc., followed on from the work of the brilliant Norwegian Sophus Lie. Everything began to hang together. Was it the work of physicists that stimulated the work of mathematicians or vice-versa ? No doubt they stimulated each other. Special Relativity has its own space-time, that of Minkowski (defined by its "metric"). Its "isometry group" is the Poincaré group, itself built around the Lorentz group (see Introduction to Geometrical Physics B). Souriau, in his book "Structure of System Dynamics", Dunod 1974, pages 197 to 200, was the first to show that the Poincaré group "secreted retrochronal objects" and that this went hand in hand with the inversion of their mass. We can see the mechanism therefore : physicists put their finger on a physical phenomenon, such as the invariability of the speed of light : the Michelson and Morley experiment. Mathematicians reinterpret this in terms of groups. But among the groups there are elements that seem to refer to new objects : negative masses.
This makes physicists knit their brows. If a negative mass meets a positive mass the result would be ... nil, nothing. Not to be confused with matter-antimatter annihilation (which has a positive mass in fact) which produces the equivalent in energy-matter in the form of photons. As negative masses m* = -m have a negative energy E* = m*c2 = -mc2 , the evaluation gives ... zero. During a quarter of a century these negative masses, discovered by Souriau, remained "a purely mathematical curiosity" (which Souriau himself believed in fact).
In 1998 I constructed a geometric, gemellary context (see the papers of [Geometrical
This text is a vulgarisation of the work (from the article "Questionable black hole") and is based on group theory. First of all I noticed that the Schwarzschild metric was non SO3XR (3d rotations plus temporal translations, which express the fact that the object is invariant in time, stationary), but 03XE1 (including, among other things, P-symmetry et T-symmetry). This is the guide for an extension of the geometric context, which goes hand in hand with Eddington's vision of 1924. Symmetries are then exploited with a "PT-symmetric" model : where space and time coordinates are inverted in the gemellary universe, an idea originally proposed by Andrei Sakharov in 1967.
Does all that seem complicated to you ? Let the Higher Math student have a look at the Minkowski metric, that of Special Relativity :
ds2 = c2 dt2 - dx2 -dy2 -dz2
Change
t ...to - t
x ...to - x y ...to - z z ...to -z
Invariance. The isometry group (the one which leaves this metric invariant) is greater (it is Poincaré's group "with its four components"). The transformation is only a part of the whole but you can see that the Minkowski metric is invariant by PT symmetry.
The metric of Special Relativity goes with a relativist space
(t , x , y , z )
But it can also describe a universe in which space and time coordinates will be inverted (PT-symmetric to ours). They are not tachyons. Nothing like them. In the second universe speeds remain subluminic.
In short, the Schwarzschild metric, revisited with Eddington's idea, became PT symmetric. The time coordinate should therefore invert "naturally" in passing through the gorge sphere. Does that mean that the time experienced by an eventual spaceship passenger going into the twin universe would be inverted? That time is just a coordinate. On Earth when you cross the Equator your latitude becomes negative but you don't start walking backwards...
We then included this geometry in a larger context, ten dimensions, this number, according to a theorem of Wiener and Graustein, corresponds to the minimum number of dimensions required to receive a space of n dimensions, with n higher than 2.
These six additional dimensions have already been introduced in the articles presented in Geometrical Physics B. They refer to quantic aspects. The conclusion :
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The duality matter-antimatter exists on both sides of the universe.
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When a particle of matter passes through the hypertoric bridge corresponding to Schwarzschild geometry, its contribution to the gravitational field is inverted. The field equation system proposed from 1994 in Nuovo Cimento (reproduced in Geometrical Physics ) is thus confirmed, as are the developments we have presented in a vulgarised manner in "We have lost half the Universe" (Albin Michel).
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When a particle of matter crosses one of these "hyperspheric tunnels" matter remains (but CPT symmetric). The same goes for a particle of antimatter.
However, in that case, transit time is FINITE. Therefore black holes cannot exist. When Schwarzschild geometry was tinkered with using a bad choice of variables and a bad choice of "geometric context" it led to this "time freezing", that we consider to be a mathematical artifice.
But if black holes do not exist, what happens to a neutron star whose mass exceeds the fateful critical value (two solar masses : which will send the pressure at its centre shooting towards infinity) ?
The following figure shows the pressure value (in "logarithmic" coordinates) according to the distance from the centre of the neutron star (supposed to be of constant density), for different values of exterior radius (of mass therefore) obtained by using the classic Tolmann Oppenheimer Volkov model. The critical curve corresponds to a value of two solar masses.
We can see that as long as the star's mass remains largely inferior to the critical value, the increase in pressure towards the centre remains moderate. But as soon as the mass approaches the critical value the pressure bolts to become infinite at the centre (critical curve).
论文的其余部分提出的是一个“模型项目”而非一个模型。我们认为,压力的突然上升必然会对“物理常数”产生影响,包括光速的局部值,而光速也应趋向于无穷大。我们认为,这将导致在恒星中心开启一个超环面通道。作为指导,我们用TOV模型计算了超过临界质量(2个太阳质量)的恒星的压力,这导致压力趋向于无穷大(物理性质的临界性),但低于2.5个太阳质量,这对应于经典的“几何临界性”:当施瓦茨希尔德半径达到恒星的外部半径时。由于TOV模型基于一个静态解,显然它作为模型没有价值。然而,我们注意到,随着适度质量的增加,球体(压力为无穷大)从恒星中心向外迅速扩展。
压力曲线似乎像“鞭子”一样向右延伸。
(请注意,我们使用了“无穷大”这个词,而之前我们对这个词的合法性表示怀疑。我们可以说,当压力超过某个极限值时,这种现象就会发生。但这无疑需要我们将“量子贡献”引入模型)。皮埃尔·米迪和我开始研究这个问题。在我们看来,有两种可能的情景。
温和版本:中子星从伴星(恒星风)获得物质,使其达到2个太阳质量,这个质量将导致其核心的压力趋向于无穷大。然后在其中心开启一个超空间桥,多余的物质从这里被排出。当到达对称宇宙时,由于其质量被反转,被中子星排斥,从而产生影响,并对转移的质量表现出排斥作用。通过超环面通道的排出以相对论速度进行,结构的大小(峡谷球的表面)取决于所需的流量。如果流入是连续的,超环面桥将像一个持续运作的“溢流”装置,确保泄漏流量。以下图表描绘了恒星在亚临界状态下的两个区域:
以及具有“泄漏流量”的情况:
激烈版本:两个中子星的融合。这个过程会更加剧烈。超空间桥将迅速形成并增长,以相对论速度吞噬大量质量。所有这些过程都会伴随引力波和“伽马跃迁”的发射。我们认为,只有一部分质量会被转移。事实上,一旦物质穿越到另一边,其质量就会被反转,并对引力场产生负作用。这样它会减少中子星的原始引力压力。然而,只有正确发展的非定态解,并参考一个非球对称的物体(对于中子星来说是不现实的想法,但轴对称是可能的),才能开始给出答案。
我们之前提到过这一点,专家可能会说:
- 中子星不可能具有球对称性。黑洞不是源自施瓦茨希尔德度规,而是源自克尔度规,后者不同(它具有不同的同构群)。
目前,米迪和我正在使用克尔度规重新研究这一切,这似乎没有特别的技术困难。峡谷表面不再是球形,而是变成椭圆形。
让我们回到超空间传输模型的项目。这种“激烈现象”可以将大部分质量转移到对称宇宙。一旦“引力张力”足够降低,超空间桥将自动关闭。这一现象可能非常短暂,仅持续几百毫秒。我们宇宙中会残留一部分质量,继续被几乎完全转移到对称宇宙的中子星排斥。我们这边剩余的残留物质会形成一个气体环,像烟圈一样,如果附近没有能量源(比如一颗热星),它会迅速通过辐射冷却。该物体达到的最低温度不会低于它所处的宇宙烤箱的温度:3K。这是关键的可观察现象。下图是该现象的二维表示。
如果这个模型成立,我们应该能找到围绕一个不可见物体的冷气环或相对冷的气体环。从动力学上看,这些物体围绕一个排斥性物体运行,这个物体本质上是不可见的:转移到对称宇宙的中子星。最近发现的一些“原恒星”是否属于这种类型?观察将告诉我们?困难在于这些物体之所以被发现,是因为它们在更明亮的背景中显现出来(就像原恒星在猎户座星云中显现一样)。它们随后被相对较近的恒星的辐射加热。
“良好的环状星云”将远离任何辐射源,因此是黑暗的。但也许背景光的偏振现象可以允许其探测。偏振图谱是观测天文学中的一个重要领域。然而,这种现象也可能发生在对称宇宙中,然后向我们输送物质,并且同样剧烈。
在《几何物理学A》论文中,我们提出了论点,其中恒星现象不会发生在比我们更热的对称宇宙中。在这种情况下,对称物质会聚集在大型集团中,以红外线辐射,并像巨大的球状原恒星一样结构化,但它们的冷却时间会超过宇宙的年龄。这些集团将像从未被点燃的原恒星一样运作。它们排斥我们的物质,因此导致我们物质的VLS(极大结构),不完整的结构围绕着巨大的空泡,其特征直径约为数亿光年,而它们的存在,除了这种对称模型(数值模拟)的解释外,仍然相当难以解释。
最后,我们注意到,在我们宇宙的这一侧没有发现反物质。我们还注意到宇称原理的违反,一些人认为这两者是相关的。1967年,A.萨哈罗夫提出宇称原理的违反可能在对称宇宙中被反转。如果这样,当与其中一种物种的存续有关时,这些巨大的集团将由对称反物质构成,与我们具有PT对称性(由于在时间坐标反转的宇宙中演化而具有负质量)。
最后,我们给出一系列图示,这些图示是对超空间传输现象的二维描述(一个简单的教育模型)。在网站上复制的论文中,我们已经展示了(这源于耦合恒星方程系统的结构),两个宇宙的标量曲线在两个相邻区域中是相反的:
R* = - R
一个位于我们宇宙中的质量的二维教育模型,从几何上讲,是“钝形正构体”的模型。那么对称宇宙将呈现出“钝形负构体”(“结合几何”)。因此,对称宇宙的几何结构,其中只有空无,是一种“诱导几何”。
两个宇宙中“结合几何”的粗略教育图像。
物质位于正构体的钝形部分(灰色区域)。当达到临界性时,灰色区域会出现一个“圆锥点(曲线密度无穷大)”(相当于压力增加到无穷大)。圆锥点是一个“曲线密度”为无穷大的点。
这些图示显示了这一过程的延续。在下图中创建了峡谷。
下图(应该代表物质完全转移到对称宇宙)表示“一半时间”。
在我们看来,此时参考了施瓦茨希尔德几何。峡谷圆圈在两个表面上都被充满。标量曲线在所有地方都是零(这是具有次级零成员解的原因)。一个简单的观察:测地线可以轻松地在褶皱上绘制。试着用一卷胶带。
下图显示了超环面点关闭前的瞬间,当它在对称叶中根据圆锥点收缩时。
分离后,质量(灰色)已进入对称宇宙,这在我们宇宙中产生了一个“诱导的负曲线”。
1999年9月。待续…… ---
